The private for-profit sector is an important source of treatment for malaria. However, private patients face high prices for the recommended treatment for uncomplicated malaria, artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs), which makes them more likely to receive cheaper, less effective non-artemisinin therapies (nATs). This study seeks to better understand consumer antimalarial prices by document...

In the pilot provinces of China’s electricity spot market, power generation companies usually adopt separate bidding mode, which leads to a low willingness demand-side response and poor flexibility in interaction mechanism between supply demand. Based on analysis demand day-ahead market with participation sales companies, this paper abstracted game process “power grid-sales company-users” tripa...

In its first generation, electronic commerce has been a landgrab. Space on the Internet was claimed by whoever got there first with enough resources to create a credible business. It took speed, a willingness to experiment, and a lot of cybersavvy. Companies that had performed brilliantly in traditional settings seemed hopelessly flat-footed on the Web. And despite their astronomical valuations...

In this research, we examine the impact of a negative demand disruption on trade promotions strategy, where suppliers offer discounted prices to online supply chain retailers. To analyze various factors that affect promotion strategies, develop Stackelberg game model determine optimal pricing for both manufacturers and retailers, as well order quantity Our findings indicate through an appropria...

This paper studies a distribution system consisting of multiple retail locations with transshipment operations among the retailers. Due to the difficulty in computing the optimal solution imposed by the transshipment operations and in estimating shortage cost from a practical perspective, we propose a robust optimization framework for analyzing the impact of transshipment operations on such a d...

OBJECTIVES To explore how e-cigarettes are being promoted at point of sale in the UK and how retailers perceive market trends. SETTING Fixed retail outlets subject to a ban on the display of tobacco products. PARTICIPANTS Observational audit of all stores selling tobacco products (n=96) in 4 Scottish communities, conducted over 2 waves 12 months apart (2013-2014), and qualitative interviews...

Internet Referral Services, hosted either by independent third-party infomediaries or by manufacturers serve as “lead-generators” in electronic marketplaces, directing consumer traffic to particular retailers. In a model of price dispersion with mixed strategy equilibria, we investigate the competitive implications of these institutions on retailer and manufacturer pricing strategies as well as...

A fundamental decision every merchant has to make is on is how large his stores should be. This is particularly true in light of the drastic changes retail concepts have seen in the last decade. There has been a noticeable tendency, particularly for food and convenience retailers, to open more and smaller stores. Also, there has been a well-documented recent shift in paradigm in apparel retaili...

M consumer durable retailers often do not advertise their prices and instead ask consumers to call them for prices. It is easy to see that this practice increases the consumers’ cost of learning the prices of products they are considering, yet firms commonly use such practices. Not advertising prices may reduce the firm’s advertising costs, but the strategic effects of doing so are not clear. O...

The paper proposes a general framework for the optimization capacity of an insurance industry in responding to catastrophic risks. Explicit geographical representation allows for sufficient differentiation of property values and insurance coverages in different parts of the region and for realistic modeling of catastrophes in space and time. Numerical experiments demonstrate the possibility of ...