The determination of surface structures using X-ray diffraction has become increasingly popular with the emergence of ever more powerful synchrotron radiation sources. Most experiments have been performed on surfaces in vacuum, but the technique has also found applications in the determination of interfaces buried beneath a solid (Robinson et al., 1988) or liquid (De Vries, Goedtkindt et al., 1...

Elasticity theory is the central model of solid mechanics. Properly formulated, it gives rise to formidable nonlinear problems whose understanding is in many cases beyond the reach of present-day mathematics. Nevertheless, the last quartercentury has seen substantial advances in this understanding, due largely to the development and application of new methods of nonlinear analysis. An important...

We report a robust, low-cost method to attach transition metal ions directly to the surface of anatase TiO2 rod-shaped nanocrystals with preservation of the host nanocrystal morphology and phase. The procedure has been optimized to achieve quantitative control of metal ion loading on the surface of the nanorods. The metal ion can be attached to the nanocrystal surface up to fullmonolayer covera...

To characterize the sites of synaptic vesicle fusion in photoreceptors, we evaluated the three-dimensional structure of rod spherules from mice exposed to steady bright light or dark-adapted for periods ranging from 3 to 180 minutes using conical electron tomography. Conical tilt series from mice retinas were reconstructed using the weighted back projection algorithm, refined by projection matc...

Retinal rod photoreceptors are depolarized in darkness to approximately -40 mV, a state in which they maintain sustained glutamate release despite low levels of calcium channel activation. Blocking voltage-gated calcium channels or ryanodine receptors (RyRs) at the rod presynaptic terminal suppressed synaptic communication to bipolar cells. Spontaneous synaptic events were also inhibited when e...

The authors investigated whether the perceived posture of the arm plus a hand-held object influences remote haptic perception of whether an object can be stepped over. Blindfolded participants (N = 20) determined whether they could step over bars at different heights by exploring the bars with a T-shaped rod. The rod was weighted so that the perceived posture of the arm-plus-rod was shifted up,...

Synaptic transmission between rods and depolarizing bipolar cells (DBC) was studied by using simultaneous recording techniques in the living retinal slice preparation. Current injection into the rod elicited a sign-inverting, sustained voltage change in the DBC. Voltage "tails" after the termination of a bright flash were observed in dark-adapted rods and DBC but not in cones. These simultaneou...

[1] A general acoustic model for a frequency sweep rod-liquid-rod interferometer applicable to high-temperature silicate liquids is presented. The wave propagations in the acoustic model are solved according to the accurate elastic wave equation and the acoustic wave equation. The solutions indicate that when a pulsed wave is sent down a buffer rod, which is partially immersed in a silicate liq...

In this paper atmospheric electric field distribution is determined in the vicinity of the Franklin’s lightning protection rod top which is modeled by half-spherical ending. Special emphasis is given to determination of critical atmospheric electric field that leads to break-down at the top of the rod. For the values of external atmospheric electric field that overcome critical value at the rod...

Kinesin-1 is a motor protein that carries cellular cargo such as membrane-bounded organelles along microtubules (MTs). The homodimeric motor molecule contains two N-terminal motor domains (the motor "heads"), a long coiled-coil domain (the "rod" or "stalk"), and two small globular "tail" domains. Much has been learned about how kinesin's heads step along a MT and how the tail is involved in car...