This study discusses the percentage of Hartmann’s pouch of gall bladder and whether the Hartmann’s Pouch is an anatomical variation or pathological presentation in North Coastal Andhra Pradesh. India. Knowledge of relevant anatomy is important for the safe execution of any operative procedure,specifically in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. It has been recognized since long that misinterpretation ...

Many studies over the past twenty years have documented the richness of arthropod galling species around the world, and some have proposed hypotheses to explain local and global patterns of galling species richness. However, few studies have been directed toward understanding how the gall-inducing species are locally distributed. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of gall-i...

The frequency of galls induced by Anisodiplosis waltheriae Maia, a recently described species, on Waltheria indica L. was studied. W indica is an invasive weed in regeneration areas of Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. Plants were collected in May 2004 and above-ground biomass, main stem length, number of leaves, number of galls per leaf and leaf area of each individual were recorded. Nea...

The effect of different-colored polyethylene mulches on quantity and spectra of reflected light, plant morphology, and root-knot disease was studied in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) grown in simulated planting beds. Tomato plants were inoculated with Meloidogyne incognita at initial populations (Pi) of 0, 1,000, 10,000, or 50,000 eggs/plant, and grown in a greenhouse for 50 days over white, ...

It was tested whether flavonoids that specifically accumulate in cells undergoing early nodule organogenesis could affect auxin turnover by a peroxidase to explain local changes in auxin distribution that occur during nodule formation in white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Haifa). A fluorometric assay was developed to determine the kinetics of indoleacetic acid (IAA) breakdown rates by a horsera...

The galling insect Bystracoccus mataybae (Eriococcidae) induces green and intralaminar galls on leaflets of Matayba guianensis (Sapindaceae), and promotes a high oxidative stress in host plant tissues. This biotic stress is assumed by the histochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide, a reactive oxygen species (ROS), whose production alters gall physiology. Thus, we hypothesize that high levels ...

The relations between the concentration of deoxycholic acid (DCA), the cholesterol saturation index, and the nucleation time in gall bladder bile were measured to determine the role of DCA in bile in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gall stone disease. Bile was obtained from patients with cholesterol gall stones (n = 30), subjects without gall stones (n = 35), and patients with pigment gall ston...

in the course of the present study, samples were taken from the non-defoliant strain of verticillium dahliae (ss-4) from infected olive groves in toshan area in southern gorgan. root-knot nematode, meloidogyne javanica, was recovered from infested olive seedlings and after identification was reaned on tomato seedlings cv. rutgers. during the study, one-year-old seedlings of olive cultivars zard...

Plant infectious Agrobacteria harbor large plasmids Ti or Ri (about 200 kb), which induce crown gall or hairy root syndromes, respectively. These plasmids have three important functional regions, transfer DNA (T-DNA) region, virulence (Vir) region and conjugation transfer (Tra) region. The T-DNA region is integrated into plant chromosomes, and the subsequent expression of its plant growth hormo...