Field and growth chamber experiments were conducted to determine the effect of five initial densities (Pi - 20 - 240/100 cm(3) soil) of Meloidogyne hapla on carrot development and yield of storage roots at maturity. Carrots growing in infested and noninfested organic soil were harvested after 15, 29, 44, 59, and 106 days of growth in controlled environment chambers and after l l 0 days in field...

The current paper aims to review tooling life span, failure modes and models in cold microforming processes. As there is nearly no information available on tool-life for microforming the starting point was conventional cold forming. In cold forming common failures are (1) over stressing of the tool; (2) abrasive wear; (3) galling or adhesive wear, and (4) fatigue failure. The large variation in...

Four bean genotypes (IPA-1, A-107, A-211, and Calima), representing all possible combinations of resistance and susceptibility to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli (Fop) and Meloidogyne incognita, were each inoculated with three population densities of these pathogens. Calima and A-107 were resistant to Fop; A-107 and A-211 were resistant to M. incognita; and IPA-1 was susceptible to both path...

Treatments wilh the herbicides chlorpropham (isopropyl m-chlorocarbinilate), DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate), and El'TC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate), alone or in combination with Meloidogyne hapla Chilwood, significantly reduced the growth of both nemalode-resistant 'Nev Syn XX' atttt susceptible 'Ranger" alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) seedlings. M. hapla infection of both alfalfas wa...

Galling is a category of severe adhesive wear that defined by surface damage arising between sliding solids, distinguished macroscopic, usually localized, roughening and creation protrusions above the original surface. The identification galling through visual observation tested therefore inherently subjective. Due to microscopic processes behind onset being poorly understood, further work need...

Indian Cenozoic deposits contain well-preserved diverse angiosperm leaf assemblages, but galling, a common form of damage in modern tropical forests, has not been well-documented. Here we report insect herbivory on fossil specimens from Pliocene (Rajdanda Formation) sediments the Chotanagpur Plateau, eastern India, revealing that galling was most folivory latest Neogene monsoon-adapted forests ...

Edge effects play key roles in the anthropogenic transformation of forested ecosystems and their biota, and are therefore a prime field of contemporary fragmentation research. We present the first empirical study to address edge effects on the population level of a widespread galling herbivore in a temperate deciduous forest. By analyzing edge effects on abundance and trophic interactions of be...