Neglected tropical diseases are a group of tropical infections which are especially endemic in low-income populations in developing regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Different groups define the set of diseases. In this context, we mention roundworms (ascariasis), whipworms (trichuriasis), hookworms (necatoriasis and ancylostomiasis), trematodes (schistosomiasis), lymphatic filariosis, ...

through pregnant women to fetuses with developing brains — has been a subject of concern and considerable research interest. The topic has been the focus of three public hearings by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) since 2007, including an FDA Science Board meeting in November 2014, to better inform the public and practitioners about this potential problem and to foster a discussion betwe...

BACKGROUND Verbascum thapsus is used in tribal medicine as an antispasmodic, anti-tubercular agent and wormicide. In this study, we investigated the antispasmodic and anthelmintic activities of crude aqueous methanolic extract of the plant. METHODS V. thapsus extracts were tested against roundworms (Ascaridia galli) and tapeworms (Raillietina spiralis). Each species of worm was placed into a ...

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Nematodes comprise a large phylum of animals that includes plant and animal parasites as well as many free-living species (Maggenti, 1981). Plant parasitic nematodes are obligate parasites, obtaining nutrition only from the cytoplasm of living plant cells. These tiny roundworms (generally 4 mm long and barely visible to the human eye) damage food and fiber crops throughout the world and cause b...

HISTORIANS HAVE LONG BEEN ALLERGIC to psychological forms of explanation, so it seems unlikely that many will be eager to jump on the bandwagon of neuroscience or neurohistory. Despite many reasons for caution, an ongoing dialogue with neuroscience offers the prospect of new approaches to such perennially vexed issues as agency, experience, action, and identity. Neuroscience does not provide a ...

Ecological and evolutionary theories predict that parasitism and mutualism are not fixed endpoints of the symbiotic spectrum. Rather, parasitism and mutualism may be host or environment dependent, induced by the same genetic machinery, and shifted due to selection. These models presume the existence of genetic or environmental variation that can spur incipient changes in symbiotic lifestyle. Ho...

Current efforts to control human soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections involve the periodic mass treatment of people, particularly children, in all endemic areas, using benzimidazole and imidothiazole drugs. Given the fact that high levels of resistance have developed to these same drugs in roundworms of livestock, there is a need to monitor drug efficacy in human STHs. The faecal egg coun...

identifi cation of mycobacteria by DNA amplifi cation and oligonucleotide-specifi c capture plate hybridization. 16S rRNA sequence diversity in Myco-bacterium celatum strains caused by presence of two different copies of 16S rRNA gene.ment of partial sequencing of the 65-ki-loDalton heat shock protein gene (hsp65) for routine identifi cation of Mycobacteri-um species isolated from clinical sour...

Several groups of soil microorganisms cause diseases to the roots. These “soilborne” plant pathogens are particularly challenging since they often survive in soil for many years and each crop may be susceptible to several species. They belong to various systematic groups. Major groups are oomycetes, fungi, bacteria, protists, and nematodes. Few soilborne viruses affect vegetable crops. The impa...