Forages are the most important ingredient in a dairy cow’s ration. She is a ruminant and to be a healthy, productive cow she needs a healthy, productive rumen. High quality forages are the key to achieving a healthy rumen and a productive cow. However, because of the importance of forages in maintaining rumen health and cow performance, when deficiencies in the amount or quality of the forage i...

Ruminants are unique mammals that can convert the energy in roughage to edible products for humans. Hence, rumen fermentation has been excessively on scope of researchers long years. Advances a vital concern provide food with good quality growing population man. This review focuses physiology and recent advances field.

The aim of this research was to study the in vitro effect of Lavandula officinalis (LEO) and Origanum vulgare (OEO) essential oils on rumen fermentation using a concentrate type substrate (CTS) and roughage type substrate (RTS). Six Mehraban ewes were divided into 2 groups and fed a concentrate type or roughage type diet, and used as rumen fluid donors. Each essential oil (EO) was evaluated sep...

The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro and in vivo ruminal fermentation of micronised wood powder in beef cattle. Micronised wood powder was prepared by pulverizing sapwood of Japanese cedar to a mean particle size of 52 μm. Ruminal fluid from four beef cows was anaerobically incubated with different amounts of micronised wood powder (50, 100, 200, or 400 mg per 30 ml rumen fluid...

Highly fermentable diets are rapidly converted to organic acids [i.e., short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and lactic acid] within the rumen. The resulting release of protons can constitute a challenge to the ruminal ecosystem and animal health. Health disturbances, resulting from acidogenic diets, are classified as subacute and acute acidosis based on the degree of ruminal pH depression. Although i...

This study was designed to investigate the effects of supplementation of spent mushroom substrates (SMS) on rumen fermentation and blood metabolites in Hanwoo steers. The experiment was conducted as a duplicated Latin square design with six Hanwoo steers (600±47 kg), each permanently fitted with a ruminal cannula. There were three treatments; i) control (concentrates 4.8 kg +rice straw 1.2 kg/d...

In a balanced incomplete block design, two dry Holstein cows were used to investigate the effect of β 1-4 galactooligosaccharides (GOS) supplementation on nitrogen (N) utilization, rumen fermentation and microbial N supply in the rumen. During the experiment, cows were fed four diets: orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) silage (OS), OS with GOS supplementation (OSG), OS mixed with alfalfa (Med...

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of calcium salt of long-chain fatty acids (CSFA) and alfalfa on beef cattle in the late fattening. 48 Holstein bulls were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups, feeding four dietary that Leymus chinensis with (LC) or with no (LN) 2.4% CSFA, and alfalfa replaced 50% Leymus chinensis with (AC) or with no (AN) 2.4% CSFA. The results indicat...