We propose a new formulation of gauge theories as a quantum theory which has the gauge theory action S as its dynamical variable. This system is described by a simple actional I(S) (that is, an action for the action S) whose equation of motion gives the Batalin-Vilkovisky (BV) master equation for S. Upon quantization we find that our new formulation is reduced to something like a topological fi...

A one-way wave equation is a partial differential equation which, in some approximate sense, behaves like the wave equation in one direction but permits no propagation in the opposite one. Such equations are used in geophysics, in underwater acoustics, and as numerical "absorbing boundary conditions". Their construction can be reduced to the approximation of vl s2 on [-1,1] by a rational functi...

We introduce a notion of left-symmetric bialgebra which is an analogue of the notion of Lie bialgebra. We prove that a left-symmetric bialgebra is equivalent to a symplectic Lie algebra with a decomposition into a direct sum of the underlying vector spaces of two Lagrangian subalgebras. The latter is called a parakähler Lie algebra or a phase space of a Lie algebra in mathematical physics. We i...

We present a schematic solution of the SL(2,R) BRST equation of gauged S-duality using modular forms of the Ramanujan ∆ function type. The solutions with spontaneously broken gauged S-duality with the gauge group Γ̄0(12) satisfy the desired conditions for the dimensionality of space-time and the gauge symmetries of low energy theory in the zero slope limit α → 0. Dynamical gauged S-duality, prop...

We consider Hammerstein equations of the form y(i)=f(t)+(hk(t,s)g(s,y(s))ds, te[a,b], J a and present a new method for solving them numerically. The method is a collocation method applied not to the equation in its original form, but rather to an equivalent equation for z(t):= g(t,y(t)). The desired approximation to y is then obtained by use of the (exact) equation y(t)=f(t) + fh k(t,s)z(s)ds, ...

with p ≥ 2 and b(s) ≥ 0 appropriately smooth. The equation (1.1) presents two kinds of degeneracy, since it is degenerate not only at points where b(u) = 0 but also at points where ∂ ∂x B(u) = 0 if p > 2. Using the method depending on the properties of convex functions, Kalashnikov [10] established the existence of continuous solutions of the Cauchy problem of the equation (1.1) with f ≡ 0 unde...

this study designed a structural model taking into account the views of staff on human resource management systems, human resources, job satisfaction and organizational loyalty pays yeast industry in iran. this study used structural equation modeling (sem). by using cluster sampling and cochran's formula, 288 patients were selected. the structural equation analysis and factor analysis were...

We consider a (B, S)-security market with standard riskless asset B(t) = B0ert and risky asset S(t) with stochastic volatility depending on time t and the history of stock price over the interval [t − τ, t]. The stock price process S(t) satisfies a stochastic delay differential equation (SDDE) with past-dependent diffusion coefficient. We state some results on option pricing in such a market an...

ẋ(t) = −a(t)x(t) + a(t)x(pt) , (1.1) where a(t) is a nonnegative continuous scalar function on R+ := [0 ,∞) and 0 < p < 1 is a constant. This equation is a special case of the so called pantograph equations arising in industrial applications [5,11]. The only solution of equation (1.1) with initial data x(0) = x0 is x(t) ≡ x0. However, if t0 > 0 and φ(t) is a given continuous function on [pt0 , ...

In the paper, the existence of positive solutions is studied for the second-order delay differential equation with a damping term ẍ(t)+ a(t)ẋ(t)+ b(t)x(h(t)) = 0 using a comparison with the integro-differential equation ẏ(t)+ ∫ t t0 e ∫ t s a(ξ)dξb(s)y(h(s))ds = 0. Explicit non-oscillation criteria and comparison type results are derived. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.