Electoral systems in which voters can cast preference votes for individual candidates within a party list are increasingly popular. To the best of our knowledge, there is no research on whether and how scale used to evaluate affect electoral behavior results. In this paper, we analyze data from an original voting experiment leveraging real-life political preferences embedded nationally represen...

OBJECTIVE To determine if there are disparities between White and Black inpatient mortality rates for specific medical and surgical conditions and whether disparities vary by patient and hospital subgroups. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS All-payer discharge records in the 2009 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, State Inpatient Databases (SID) for 36 states that comprised about 80% of the...