The significance of social development and human wellbeing for all was recognized in the Copenhagen Declaration under the United Nations; hence, the first priorities of the twenty-first century are to achieve social development and to improve human wellbeing. Poverty, in particular, represents the core issue of social development and the urgent need to address a profound social problem that aff...

background and objectives : probiotics including strains of lactobacillus spp. are living microorganisms including which are beneficial to human and animals health. in this study, lactobacillus has been isolated from corn silage in a cold region of iran by anaerobic culture. materials and methods : the bacteriological and biochemical standard methods were used for identification and phenotypic ...

Abstract Physical height is an important economic variable reflecting health and human capital. Puzzlingly, however, differences in average height across developing countries are not well explained by differences in wealth. In particular, children in India are shorter, on average, than children in Africa who are poorer, on average, a paradox which is often called “the Asian enigma.” The primary...

Environmental burden of disease represents one quarter of overall disease burden, hence necessitating greater attention from decision makers both inside and outside the health sector. Economic evaluation techniques such as cost-effectiveness analysis and cost-benefit analysis provide key information to health decision makers on the efficiency of environmental health interventions, assisting the...

This paper explores how official concepts of ‘improved’ sanitation often fail to reflect the priorities of female users. As the health benefits associated with improved sanitation cannot be fully realised until all potential user groups habitually utilize it, specific user preferences/constraints need to be better understood and catered for. Drawing on empirical work in nine schools in Kisumu, ...

Slums living people are very poor and their socio-economic condition does not allow them to live a healthy life. They do not have access to sanitation and they cannot get safe water supply. They have to live in adverse conditions due to poor social, economic and health facilities. The main purpose of this study was to find out socio-economic condition of slum dwellers of Dhaka city, the capital...

That the social environment is inextricably involved in the health of individuals and populations was recognized long ago, extending back beyond the parallel activities in England, France, and Germany during the mid-1800s that led to the beginnings of the public health movement. 1 Despite the important contributions of early urban sociologists, 2,3 for the next century and a half the discussion...

background: water, sanitation and hygiene have a very important role in public health. poor sanitation is the cause of water contamination, which causes many types of diseases. the aim of this paper was to present the attributable death and disability adjusted life year (dalys) of untreated water and insanitary environments from 1990 to 2010 in iran.   methods: in the global burden of disease 2...