Lack of sanitation facilities is a common occurrence in informal settlements that are common in most developing countries. One challenge with sanitation provision in these settlements is the cost and financing of sanitation. This study aimed at estimating the cost of sanitation, and investigating the social and economic dynamics within Kisumu's informal settlements that hinder provision and upt...

Similar to other developing countries, diarrhea in the Philippines continues to be among the top causes of child mortality and morbidity. In pursuit of its Millennium Development Goals, the Philippine government commits to reduce child deaths and provide water and sanitation services to more rural households by 2015. Applying propensity score matching on the 1993, 1998, 2003, and 2008 rounds of...

The perception of social sanitation norms (PSSNs) around unacceptability of open defecation has been a key aspect of recent sanitation interventions. However, underlying mechanisms through which "reconstructed" PSSNs affect sanitation outcomes have been a black box. This explorative cross-sectional study examines direct and indirect links between PSSNs and sanitation safety using data from stru...

Historically, water and sanitation service providers in lowincome countries have struggled to accommodate rapid urban expansion, and particularly to serve the poor in peri-urban areas. One way to approach these challenges is to develop alternative approaches to service delivery, incorporating innovative institutional and contractual arrangements, and involving partnerships between communities, ...

There exists an interaction between multiple issues involving policy making, the building of knowledge and the implementation of practices in the health sector, which results in the particular way health services are provided in different historical contexts. The emergence and consolidation of sanitation organization was the result of a political process based on an idea of meeting the needs pe...

during 1981-83, propoxure residual spraying operations were discontinued and only extensive larviciding, using a mixture of fuel oil, gasoil or abate larvicide, on a ten days interval basis, and sanitary improvements wetre used in different areas of the city for the control of mosquito breeding places. the results of the indoor adult mosquitoes and larval densities indicated that in the years 1...

Employment and working conditions have powerful effects on health equity. Agriculture is one of the most hazardous sectors, with high rates of accidental death, injury and work-related illnesses; inadequate living and housing conditions; basic sanitation deficiencies,;lack of access to adequate and balanced nutrition; exposure to chemicals such as pesticides, and to extreme heat and cold; and l...

Introduction Health care services for pregnant women and children are partially influenced by externalities such as climate change and environmental hazard health risks i.e., the vulnerabilities confounded within food insecurity and extreme weather events (floods) in drought prone geographical regions. The unhygienic conditions due to lack of adequate safe water and sanitation also compromised ...

women interact with their biological roles to affect the nutrition status of the entire family and of each gender. Because of women’s cyclical loss of iron and their childbearing, their nutrition status is particularly vulnerable to deficiencies in diet, care, and health or sanitation services. Moreover, the nutrition status of newborns and infants is intimately linked with the nutrition status...