Introduction: Pregnancy and parturition process affects considerably the society’s health. Female genital injuries caused by vaginal parturition are very prevalent. This study aims at comparing active and expectant managements of the second stage of labor on frequency of perineal injuries and using episiotomy, as a solution. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, a total of 160 qualified pr...

The major adaptations of the maternal cardiovascular system that progress throughout gestation may unmask previously unrecognized heart disease and result in significant morbidity and mortality. Most of these changes are almost fully reversed in the weeks and months after delivery. Hemodynamic changes during pregnancy include increased blood volume, cardiac output (CO), and maternal heart rate;...

The Hamman syndrome, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema complicating labor and delivery, is infrequently encountered in clinical practice. The prevalence estimates have ranged from 1 in 2000 pregnancies to 1 in 100,000 pregnancies. One hundred ninety-two cases have been reported in the medical literature to date. l Reeder,2 in a review of 187 cases, found that most patients with this ...