Four regional Scots pine ring-width chronologies at the northern forest-limit, and in the northern, middle and southern boreal forest belts in Finland cover the last fourteen centuries. Tree-ring statistics and response functions were examined, and tree-ring width variation was also compared to North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and volcanic forcing. The tree-ring statistics show evidence of an e...

Epicuticular waxes influence leaf reflectance, but the spatiotemporal dynamics in their reflectance properties have not been properly characterized, and its consequences remain unknown. In this study, we analysed the seasonal changes in wax reflectance of Scots pine needles. It tended to decrease with needle age and towards lower positions within the canopy. In addition, we also identified a cl...

ntifying Poets Rohert Crawford speculates that 'the poet who constructs an identity I allows that poet to identify with a particular territory is the paradigmatic modern , adding that 'the position of poets in Scotland is typical of this situation' (Crawford 3: 142). One purpose of this chapter is to illustrate the limits of a Scottish literary ism preoccupied by the search for 'poetic selves t...

The effects after 25 years of moose browsing on Scots pine stands in Lahemaa National Park were evaluated, emphasizing economic damage. A re-evaluation in 2001 examined stands that had been evaluated in 1975–1976. Moose damage significantly affected the tree species composition which changed over time as pine dominance increased and the number of mixed stands declined. The smaller proportion of...

The study analyses the annual post-thinning response and thinning bias of a young Scots pine stand as a function of tree size, competition faced by the tree, and competition that is removed around the tree in the thinning treatment. The thinning response of a tree was defi ned as the change of tree growth due to a thinning treatment. The thinning bias was defi ned as the difference between the ...

The VOYS (Voices of Young Scots) project aims to establish a speech database of adolescent Scottish speakers. This database will serve for speech recognition technology and sociophonetic research. 300 pupils will ultimately be recorded at secondary schools in 10 locations in Scotland. Recordings are performed via the Internet using two microphones (closetalk and desktop) in 22,05 kHz 16 bit lin...

In this paper, text representation and feature selection strategies for Chinese text classification based on n-grams are discussed. Two steps feature selection strategy is proposed which combines the preprocess within classes with the feature selection among classes. Four different feature selection methods and three text representation weights are compared by exhaustive experiments. Both C-SVC...

authentic text is considered to be an important requirement of communicative approach and communicative foreign language teaching textbooks. the present research investigates the authenticity of three pfl textbook by answering the following question: “to what extent are the texts in pfl textbooks considered to be authentic?” accordingly the quantity and quality of cohesion discourse-marker dist...

This article presents major modifications in the MMAX2 manual annotation tool, which were implemented for the coreference annotation of Polish texts. Among other, a new feature of adjudication is described, as well as some general insight into the manual annotation tool selection process for the natural language processing tasks.

among factors that might manipulate translators’ mind while producing a text is the notion of ideology transmission through text or talk. adopting critical discourse analysis (cda) with particular emphasis on the framework of van dijk (1999), the present investigation is an attempt to shed light on the relationship between language and ideology involved in translation in general, and more speci...