THE professionalization of Anglo-American medicine, most scholars would agree, took place during the nineteenth century. But how this process occurred or, indeed, what the term itself signifies, encourages no such consensus. This confusion may be a reflection of the relatively little historical curiosity sparked by those individuals or institutions subsumed under the diffuse designation "middle...

Self-Employed Immigrants in Denmark and Sweden: A Way to Economic Self-Reliance? Immigrants have a weak position in the labour market in most European countries. Many have difficulties in establishing themselves in the labour market, the employment rate is low and the hourly wages are generally lower than what could be expected from characteristics (age, gender, education). Many have to rely on...

This case study discusses the introduction of the Socratic Method into a traditional computer science classroom. We begin by contrasting the instructional style found within traditional pedagogy with that of a Socratic practitioner. We subsequently present a case study in which juniors being educated in a traditional manner were called upon by a visiting Socratic practitioner to develop the Ger...

The two inheritors of the British colonialism, India and Pakistan who got independence in the aftermath of Second World War inherited poverty and underdevelopment at the end of the colonial rule. The colonial rule ended in destroying the traditional and indigenous institutions and a legacy of colonial capitalism. Pakistan and India followed two different approaches of development. India chose t...

Drought is a complex, slow-onset phenomenon that affects more people than any other natural hazard and results in serious economic, social, and environmental impacts. Although drought affects virtually all climatic regimes and has significant consequences in both developed and developing countries, its impacts are especially serious in developing countries where dryland agriculture predominates...

Evidence shows that the government of Papua New Guinea is failing to provide basic services in health to the majority of its people. Local non-government organisations (NGOs), partnered with international NGOs, are attempting to fill this gap. With limited resources, these small Indigenous organisations must focus much of their effort on training that supports self-reliance as the main strategy...

Mainstream economic thought and practice has resulted in widespread socioeconomic disparity and environmental devastation in all corners of the world, unmitigated by a multi-billion dollar development industry informed by these same economic models. To reverse this trend, the dominant forms of economic thought and practice must be reunited with ethics that are more caring of the human-nature ba...

BACKGROUND Relatively few cannabis dependent people seek treatment and little is known about determinants of treatment seeking. METHODS Treatment determinants were compared among 70 DSM-IV cannabis dependent patients and 241 non-treatment seeking DSM-IV cannabis dependent community subjects. In addition, perceived facilitators for treatment seeking were assessed in patients, whereas perceived...

BACKGROUND Although knee pain is common in older persons and can cause ambulatory limitation, its impact on self-reliance has rarely been examined in Japan, particularly in a community setting. The aim of this 3-year cohort study was to investigate the association of knee pain with dependence in activities of daily living (ADL) and mortality in community-dwelling older Japanese adults. METHOD...