Consider rolling a die with k sides, labeled a1, a2, ..., and ak, respectively. Let P(aj) be the ‘probability’ that a particular side aj appears after rolling the die. Before attempting to calculate P(aj), it is necessary to clarify the meaning of the word ‘probability’. In other words, we must specify what the number P(aj) quantifies. In statistics, the concept of ‘probability’ is formally int...

Consider rolling a die with k sides, labeled a1, a2, ..., and ak, respectively. Let P(aj) be the ‘probability’ that a particular side aj appears after rolling the die. Before attempting to calculate P(aj), it is necessary to clarify the meaning of the word ‘probability’. In other words, we must specify what the number P(aj) quantifies. In statistics, the concept of ‘probability’ is formally int...

The article offers a possible explanation for the raid of Rus’ on Seville in 844 and also attempts to compare this event with embassy Constantinople Ingelheim, their Amastris. These events, taken as part complex geopolitical picture “long middle” 9th century, show origin nature emerging group people. This period started renewed Muslim onslaught Europe through Byzantine holdings Asia Minor Italy...

Incidence of green mold of citrus, caused by Penicillium digitatum, was reduced by 80% or more by the immersion of lemons or oranges for 1–4 min in warm (40.6–43.3°C) ‘liquid lime-sulfur’ (LLS) solution that contained 0.75% (wt vol) calcium polysulfide. The incidence of sour rot, caused by Geotrichum citri-aurantii, was reduced 35–70% by this treatment. LLS was similar in effectiveness to other...