Primer " W hy sex? " is a question that has occupied the minds of evolutionary biologists for more than a century. The evolution of organisms that mix their genes during reproduction is considered one of the major transitions in evolution [1], because it fundamentally changed how genes are transmitted to the next generation. In asexual reproduction, offspring inherit a more or less unaltered ge...

there are many claims that quantum mechanics plays a key role in the origin and/or operation of biological organisms. the mechanism of the meiosis, mitosis and gametes life cycle from the view-point of quantum for human has been represented. the quantum gates have been used to simulate these processes for the first time. the reason of several hundred sperms has been explained in the male too

This study presents a mathematical model that allows for some offspring to be dispersed at random, while others stay close to their mothers. A single genetic locus is assumed to control fertility, and this locus is subject to the occurrence of deleterious mutations. It is shown that, at equilibrium, the frequency of deleterious mutations in the population is inversely related to the rate of dis...

One of the greatest puzzles in evolutionary biology is the high frequency of sexual reproduction and recombination. Given that individuals surviving to reproductive age have genomes that function in their current environment, why should they risk shuffling their genes with those of another individual? Mathematical models are especially important in developing predictions about when sex and reco...

Biological invasions represent major threats to biodiversity as well as large-scale evolutionary experiments. Invasive populations have provided some of the best known examples of contemporary evolution [3-6], challenging the classical view that invasive species are genetically depauperate because of founder effects. Yet the origin of trait genetic variance in invasive populations largely remai...