BACKGROUND AND AIMS In angiosperms, the shoot apical meristem produces a shoot system composed of stems, leaves and axillary buds. Podostemoideae, one of three subfamilies of the river-weed family Podostemaceae, have a unique 'shoot' that lacks a shoot apical meristem and is composed only of leaves. Tristichoideae have been interpreted to have a shoot apical meristem, although its branching pat...

Our water quality continues to be negatively impacted by human activities, this is a global problem of critical importance (particularly concerning fresh and consumption). Since the 1960s, index (WQI) technique has been used assess worldwide state surface groundwater systems. Plans for resource management must consider extensive data knowledge about available water. Water indicators are straigh...