Oil shale ash contains mineral ingredients of agricultural importance and could be used for treatment of soils. However, the ash contains several hazardous ingredients, i.e. toxic trace metals which could be mobile and create environmental concerns. Beneficial use of the oil shale ash in agriculture and forestry requires better knowledge of leaching characteristics of soil-ash systems. In this ...

Hundreds of organic chemicals are used during natural gas extraction via high-volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF). However, it is unclear whether these chemicals, injected into deep shale horizons, reach shallow groundwater aquifers and affect local water quality, either from those deep HVHF injection sites or from the surface or shallow subsurface. Here, we report detectable levels of organic c...

Methane in source rocks may not exist exclusively as free gas. It could exist in equilibrium with carbon and higher hydrocarbons: CH4 + C < = > Hydrocarbon. Three lines of evidence support this possibility. 1) Shales ingest gas in amounts and selectivities consistent with gas-carbon equilibrium. There is a 50% increase in solid hydrocarbon mass when Fayetteville Shale is exposed to methane (450...

Shales are among the most commonly considered geomaterials in current energy-related geomechanical investigations, as they are involved in engineering applications such as the extraction of natural gas, CO2 sequestration and nuclear waste storage. A deep understanding of their behaviour with regard to variations in the degree of saturation is of significance for such applications. With the aim ...

Estimates of technically recoverable shale gas resources remain highly uncertain, even in regions with a relatively long history of shale gas production. This paper examines the reasons for these uncertainties, focussing in particular on the methods used to derive resource estimates. Such estimates can be based upon the extrapolation of previous production experience in developed areas, or from...

Physical and geochemical characteristics of shale play conclusive role in confirming operation measures during drilling and stimulation. The properties of shale samples from Jiyang depression were investigated through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, adsorption isothermal, high pressure mercury intrusion, methylene blue trihydrate, pressure pulse decay, tests of specific water w...

The aim of this study is to develop an advanced air conditioning system. The dehumidification process of this system is separated from the cooling process and combined with an ice storage system. We use Wakkanai siliceous shale as a desiccant material. This is a natural mesoporous material produced in the northern area of Hokkaido, Japan. A honeycombed desiccant material made of the shale is ch...

This study proposes to collect long term production data from wells in many different shale basins and evaluate well performance using production data analysis (PDA) with both rate and pressure data where possible, and rate transient analysis (RTA) when only rate data is available. Also, we propose to request injected fracture fluid volumes in order to quantify load recoveries and horizontal we...

Optimization of drilling fluid parameters such as mud weight, salt concentration, and temperature is essential to alleviate instability problems during drilling through shale sections. The selection of suitable mud parameters can benefit from analyses that consider significant instability processes involved in shale-drilling–fluid interactions. This paper describes the development of analytical...

the kalat formation is one of units in the kopet dagh sedimentary basin and so far have been studied by other fossils (case study) (palynomorphs, calcareous nanoplankton and foraminifera). according to the important ostracoda in diagnosis paleoecology and paleoenvironment, in this study, investigated ostracoda in shale units of the kalat formation in chahchaheh section have been studied for the...