Congenital anomaly (CA) can be defined as any abnormality present at birth, particularly a structural one which may be inherited genetically, acquired during the period of gestation or inflicted during parturition [1]. It covers a wide spectrum of structural dismorphism ranging from relatively minor problem with no serious medical or cosmetic consequence to major anomalies with exceptionally po...

in the islamic era, mausoleums were considered as the most important after mosques. constructing these buildings dates from the fourth century after hijrah, coinciding with the establishment of the earlier post -islamic dynasties in east and north east of iran. this tradition continued in later islamic periods in two basic rectangular and tomb tower types. the significant point about these buil...

Robat, along with educational institutions, helped to spread scientific and religious life in Baghdad. Ribat Sheikh Al-shuyukh was one of the Robat which served scholars Sufis students science since its establishment 450H./1058AD. Until Mongols entered Baghdad year 656H./1258AD. Al- shuyukh received official sponsorship from Caliphate Foundation, Seljuk state represented by minister Nizam al-Mu...