Patent pendencies create uncertainty in research and development (R&D) collaboration agreements, resulting in a threat of expropriation of unprotected knowledge by potential partners, reduced bargaining power and enhanced search costs. In this paper, we show that depending of the type of partner uncertain intellectual property rights (IPR) lead to reduced collaboration between firms and may hin...

This paper studies the spatial patterns and the determinants of intellectual property rights (IPRs). I ̄nd evidence of spatial correlation in the strength of IPRs provided by di®erent countries. This spatial association persists after controlling for domestic socio-political and economic variables that can a®ect the choice of IPRs and which could potentially be correlated in space. A possible e...

This paper examines the relationship between intellectual property rights (IPRs) and the growth rate of per capita GDP during the period 1996-2006 in a sample 71 countries. Using software piracy data as a proxy for IPR violations, we find that countries with increasing rates of software piracy have lower growth rates. We also find that states with strong commitments to enact policies to protect...

Scientific information comes in many sizes, types and levels of quality. Because of the diversity of the scientific information being published, different issues will arise in publishing different types of information electronically. In this paper, we will address issues related to electronic publication of large scientific data sets, a subset of scientific information often overlooked in discu...

We investigate two closure-type properties, the Reznichenko property and the Pytkeev property, in hyperspace topologies.

in this paper, several xed point theorems for t-contraction of two maps on cone metric spaces under normality condition are proved. obtained results extend and generalize well-known comparable results in the literature.

for suitable banach spaces $x$ and $y$ with schauder decompositions and‎ ‎a suitable closed subspace $mathcal{m}$ of some compact operator space from $x$ to $y$‎, ‎it is shown that the strong banach-saks-ness of all evaluation‎ ‎operators on ${mathcal m}$ is a sufficient condition for the weak‎ ‎banach-saks property of ${mathcal m}$, where for each $xin x$ and $y^*in‎ ‎y^*$‎, ‎the evaluation op...

in this work the electrooxidation half-wave potentials of some benzoxazines were predicted from their structural molecular descriptors by using quantitative structure-property relationship (qsar) approaches. the dataset consist the half-wave potential of 40 benzoxazine derivatives which were obtained by dc-polarography. descriptors which were selected by stepwise multiple selection procedure ar...