We give a new proof of the arithmetic large sieve inequality based on an amplification argument, and use a similar method to prove a new sieve inequality for classical holomorphic cusp forms. A sample application of the latter is also given. 1. The classical large sieve The classical arithmetic large sieve inequality states that, for any real numbers N , Q > 1, any choice of subsets Ωp ⊂ Z/pZ f...

Visual cryptography encodes a secret image into n shares which are distributed to n participants. Pixel Sieve method was proposed recently to encode an image into shares, but the encryption quality is poor. In this paper an modified version of pixel sieve method is proposed to achieve more security than existing pixel sieve method. Based on key shifting scheme, the proposed method generates qui...

The presence of callose in sieve plates has been known for a long time, but how this polysaccharide plug is synthesized has remained unsolved. Two independent laboratories have recently reported the identification of callose synthase 7 (CalS7), also known as glucan synthase-like 7 (GSL7), as the enzyme responsible for callose deposition in sieve plates. Mutant plants defective in this enzyme fa...

Since the first ultrastructural investigations of sieve tubes in the early 1960s, their structure has been a matter of debate. Because sieve tube structure defines frictional interactions in the tube system, the presence of P protein obstructions shown in many transmission electron micrographs led to a discussion about the mode of phloem transport. At present, it is generally agreed that P prot...

A simple steady state iterative solution of Münch pressure-flow in unbranched sieve tubes containing only water and sucrose is derived. The iterative equations can be solved on a programmable desk calculator. Solutions are presented for steady state transport with specific mass transfer rates up to 1.5 x 10(-5) mole second(-1) centimeters(-2) (= 18.5 grams hour(-1) centimeters(-2)) over distanc...

It has been known for more than a century that sieve plates in the phloem in plants contain callose, a β-1,3-glucan. However, the genes responsible for callose deposition in this subcellular location have not been identified. In this paper we examine callose deposition patterns in T-DNA insertion mutants (cs7) of the Callose Synthase 7 (CalS7) gene. We demonstrated here that the CalS7 gene is e...

The sieve element occlusion (SEO) gene family originally was delimited to genes encoding structural components of forisomes, which are specialized crystalloid phloem proteins found solely in the Fabaceae. More recently, SEO genes discovered in various non-Fabaceae plants were proposed to encode the common phloem proteins (P-proteins) that plug sieve plates after wounding. We carried out a compr...