The Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) software is a very practical tool for detecting significantly expressed genes and controlling the proportion of falsely detected genes, the False Discovery Rate (FDR). However, SAM tends to find biased estimates of the FDR. We show that the same method with the data replaced by rank scores does not have this tendency. We discuss the choice of the r...

We calculate the values of the second moment M s 2 of the flavorsinglet structure function F s 2 for the pion and the kaon in QCD sum rules, and investigate how the results depend on their flavor structure (quark contents). Our calculations give similar values of M s 2 for these two mesons, because of cancellation among several non-small factors. We emphasize that decay constants, meson masses ...

We are motivated by the following question concerning the direct product of graphs. If A×C ∼= B×C , what can be said about the relationship betweenA and B? If cancellation fails, what properties must A and B share?We define a structural equivalence relation∼ (called similarity) on graphs, weaker than isomorphism, for which A× C ∼= B× C implies A ∼ B. Thus cancellation holds, up to similarity. M...

The present study examined how achievement goals affect retrieval-induced forgetting. Researchers have suggested that mastery-approach goals (i.e., developing one's own competence) promote a relational encoding, whereas performance-approach goals (i.e., demonstrating one's ability in comparison with others) promote item-specific encoding. These different encoding processes may affect the degree...