Article history: Received 4 March 2014 Received in revised form 12 August 2014 Accepted 12 August 2014 Available online 23 August 2014 Budget deficit has been a commonfiscal pressure facing Chinese cities since the 1994fiscal reform. Meanwhile, land lease sales have become a significant off-budgetary revenue to local governments since 2003. This paper investigateswhetherfinancing budget deficit...

This chapter approaches the relationships between curriculum reforms and cultural values of countries or regions. The cases considered correspond to Italy its most recent reform movement (2001–2018), with implementation ‘mathematical laboratories’; Serbia changes operated about nature mathematics as a teaching subject (1970–1985); Iran since establishment formal educational system in 1920. illu...

China has undergone economic transition characterized by marketization, globalization and decentralization, which has resulted in profound change in land use and urban space. This paper integrates globalization, institutional change, and China's economic transition to better understand urban land expansion in China. We use land use survey data in Jiangsu province at the county level to shed the...

This paper is the first part of a two-part series that overviews past trends in the dynamic humankind-land relationship and considers what current trends and global drivers could mean for future land administration and cadastral systems. The aim of this paper is to discuss some of the current forces of change on the humankind/land relationship and why an increasingly integrated approach to land...

iran is one of the most energy-rich countries subsidizing energy carriers, especially in the agricultural sector, to the extent that the resulting growth is at the expense of the environment. this study tries to investigate the potential impacts of energy price reform on the agro-environment, based on the marginal abatement costs (macs) of emissions. firstly, the energy demand function of the a...

Land policy, land rights and land reform have a critical bearing on economic development and poverty reduction in both rural and urban areas of the developing world. But land issues are often complex and politically difficult. For this reason they may be neglected. This draft Issues Paper seeks to promote discussion about the importance of land in poverty reduction strategy processes, in differ...

The Yazd-Ardakan basin in Central Iran has two separated aquifers. The shallow unconfined aquifer is supplies 40 Qanats. The deep saturated confined aquifer is the main water storage. Due to over-withdrawal, water table has been decreasing during last 25 years. Recent study shows that the shortage of the aquifer is about 16 meters and land subsidence is 0.5 1.2 meters. Long deep cracks are foun...