This article examines the role of testing and innovation in sixteenthcentury Italian pharmacy. I argue that apothecaries were less concerned with testing drugs for efficacy or creating novel products than with reactivating an older Mediterranean pharmacological tradition and studying the materials on which it relied. Their practice was not driven by radical experimentation but by a "culture of ...

In a general social choice framework where the requirement of strategyproofness may not be sensible, we call a social choice rule fully sincere if it never gives any individual an incentive to vote for a less-preferred alternative over a more-preferred one and provides an incentive to vote for an alternative if and only if it is preferred to the default option that would result from abstaining....

Making agreements on how to behave has been shown to be an evolutionarily viable strategy in one-shot social dilemmas. However, in many situations agreements aim to establish long-term mutually beneficial interactions. Our analytical and numerical results reveal for the first time under which conditions revenge, apology and forgiveness can evolve and deal with mistakes within ongoing agreements...

Instagram is a growing social media platform that provides a means of self-expression and communication through creative visuals. Businesses are responding to this trend by using it as a cost-effective marketing tool. This paper examined the accounts of the leading food brands on Instagram: McDonald’s, Taco Bell, Shredz, Ben & Jerry’s, and Oreo. Photos were classified according to 11 elements: ...

We collected and analysed a small dialogue corpus of people playing The Settlers of Catan. Dialogues are trading negotiations where Gricean maxims of cooperativity often break down as players adopt conflicting intentions in their attempt to win the game. This has consequences for what information players are sharing and for the sincerity of their contributions. In this paper, we motivate and de...

The paper presents two studies on vagueness in political discourse. The first is a qualitative analysis of the commonsense definition of vagueness and related notions in political discourse. Participants were submitted two fragments of real political argumentations and a questionnaire asking to rate them as to vagueness, sincerity, persuasiveness and other criteria. They showed that two aspects...

The paper has three parts. The first is a discussion of the values as goals and means. This is a known Moorean distinction between intrinsic and instrumental values, with one other Moorean item – the doctrine of value wholes. According to this doctrine the value wholes are not simply a summation of their parts, which implies a possibility that two evils might be better than one (e. g. crime + p...

Baynes is an exponent of Jung. Jung expounds wholeness. This wholeness can be attained by finding the Self. This is the central theme of the papers in this book, and will command general agreement amongst thinking people, especially in the present world confusion and disharmony, where the need for a synthetic principle by which unity can be restored is urgent. That such a synthetic principle ex...

To estimate the degree of sincerity conveyed by a speech utterance and received by listeners, we propose an instance-based learning framework with shallow neural networks. The framework plays as not only a regressor that intends to fit the predicted value to the actual value but also a ranker that preserves the relative target magnitude between each pair of utterances, in an attempt to derive a...

During social interactions, listeners weigh the importance of linguistic and extra-linguistic speech cues (prosody) to infer the true intentions of the speaker in reference to what is actually said. In this study, we investigated what brain processes allow listeners to detect when a spoken compliment is meant to be sincere (true compliment) or not ("white lie"). Electroencephalograms of 29 part...