Hypersensitivity reactions to β-lactam and non-β-lactam antibiotics are commonly reported. They can be classified as immediate or nonimmediate according to the time interval between the last drug administration and their onset. Immediate reactions occur within 1 hour after the last drug administration and are manifested clinically by urticaria and/or angioedema, rhinitis, bronchospasm, and anap...

Betalactam (BL) antibiotics are the most common cause of drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions (DHR). We present 2 clinical cases patients with suspected immediate BL DHR who underwent drug allergy workup according to standardized diagnostic procedures, including skin tests (STs: prick, prick test, and intradermal [IDTs]) provocation (DPTs).1 ST results became positive after first DPT dose. T...

In the evaluation of patients with a history of adverse cutaneous drug reactions, it is important to obtain a detailed medication therapy including over-the-counter drugs, herbal and neuropathic remedies. There are a significant number of offending drugs causing adverse cutaneous drug reactions. If we can find out the clinical pattern of drug reaction along with their risk and aggravating facto...

The potential role of topical valproate (VPA) in hair regrowth has been recently suggested. However, safety reports of VPA as a topical formulation are lacking. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether VPA causes skin irritation in humans. We first performed a cell viability test and showed that VPA did not exhibit toxicity toward HaCaT keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and RBL-3H mas...

Objective(s):Drug delivery through the skin can transfer therapeutic levels of drugs for pharmacological effects. Analgesics such as NSAIDs have gastrointestinal side effects and topical dosage forms of these drugs are mainly preferred, especially for local pains. Meloxicam is one of NSAIDs with no topical form in the market. In this research, we attempted to quantify the skin permeation of a m...

Cephalosporins are one of the most commonly prescribed classes of antibiotics. Immediate IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions have been reported with use of a specific cephalosporin, as a cross-reaction between different cephalosporins or as a cross-reaction to other β-lactam antibiotics, namely, penicillin. Historically, frequent reports of anaphylaxis following administration of first- and...

Herbal medicine is widely used worldwide and is associated with side-effects such as skin eruptions. Herbal drugs are often produced by combining multiple crude drugs, mostly of plant origin. Determining which medi-cinal plants are associated with the herbal drugs that induce skin eruptions can therefore be difficult. This study investigated mRNA expression of several cytokines in peripheral mo...