A drainage basin simulation model introduced here incorporates creep and threshold slumping and both detachmentand transport-limited fluvial processes. Fluvial erosion of natural slopes and headwater channels is argued to be dominantly detachment-limited. Such slopes undergo nearly parallel retreat and replacement with alluvial surfaces under fixed base level, in contrast with gradual slope dec...

Aim To provide the first global quantification of the slope and shape of the latitudinal gradient in seed mass, and to determine whether global patterns in seed mass are best explained by growth form, vegetation type, seed dispersal syndrome, or net primary productivity (NPP).

We applied an inverse synthesis method to design phase-shifting mask (PSM) via gradient descent optimization under the coherent illumination assumption. The synthesized PSMs have high fidelity and sharp image slope. ©2007 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (100.3190) Inverse problems; (110.5220) Photolithography

Parallel to the breakthroughs on the usage of simultaneous EEG-fMRI in neurocognitive studies and research, the occurrence of artefacts in the EEG signal induced within the fMRI scanner constitutes one of the challenges to be overcome in order to broaden the range of applications of such a technique. It is the case of the gradient artefact, provoked by the variation of gradient magnetic fields....

Gradient factor centering is a new methodology for decomposing neural networks into biased and centered subnets which are then trained in parallel. The decomposition can be applied to any pattern-dependent factor in the network’s gradient, and is designed such that the subnets are more amenable to optimization by gradient descent than the original network: biased subnets because of their simpli...

Study on plant diversity is the base of woodland conservation. The Guancen Mountains are the northern end of Luliang mountain range in North China. Fifty-three quadrats of 10 m × 20 m of woodland communities were randomly established along an altitudinal gradient. Data for species composition and environmental variables were measured and recorded in each quadrat. To investigate the variation of...

Large energy spread of muon beams can be reduced by so-called phase rotation. It requires rather low frequency or long slope in the RF waveform and rather high gradient field against the short muon lifetime. Because such a low frequency high gradient RF cavity is difficult to construct, a high frequency bunching system is proposed. The bunching system located after 100m from a production target...

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) co-polymerization was used to fabricate polymer coatings, which comprise of reactive surface composition gradients. Two functionalized derivatives of [2.2]paracyclophane were fed into a two-source CVD system at a 180 ° angle, then copolymerized and deposited as a polymer gradient. Infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the compositional cha...

Primary topographic attributes play a critical role in determining watershed hydrologic characteristics for water resources modeling with raster-based digital elevation models (DEM). The effects of DEM resolution on a set of important topographic derivatives are examined in this study, including slope, upslope contributing area, flow length and watershed area. The focus of the study is on how s...