OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether administration of the situation present assessment method (SPAM) affects workload and/or task performance. BACKGROUND SPAM probes are thought to isolate workload from the assessment of situation awareness (SA) by including a warning signal before asking an SA-related question. However, there is a good reason to think that SPAM may...

Current studies on spam evolution usually extract evolution patterns and trends by analyzing historical spam message corpora. In this paper, we propose a novel methodology that incorporates spam filters to the spam trend analysis, as they are the agents that may force spammers to change their tactics. Moreover, filters also evolve over time and different filter releases present different charac...

Web spam detection is an important problem in Web search. Since Web spam pages tend to have a lot of spurious links, many Web spam detection algorithms exploit the hyperlink structure between the Web pages to detect the spam pages. Anti-TrustRank algorithm is a well-known link-based spam detection algorithm which follows the principle that spam pages are likely to be referenced by other spam pa...

The fight to curb the ever-increasing amount of unsolicited commercial email or “spam” showing up in the inboxes of American businesses has generated both state and federal legislation. The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 was enacted to create a bright-line between spam and legal commercial email. The Act preempted many state spam laws but also left significant enforcement abilities to the individual stat...

Spam detection is a significant problem which is considered by many researchers by various developed strategies. The best and main spam detection technique should consider and scan the content of the messages to find spam. This research concerns the development of the certain category of granular computing as a classifier for spam detection. In this research, Fuzzy Granular Computing Classifica...

Automated Denial of Information Attacks. It is a common assumption in event processing that the events are “clean”, i.e., they come from well-behaved and trustworthy sources. This assumption does not hold in all major open communications media for several reasons. First, adversaries may spread massive noise data, e.g., in email spam. Second, adversaries may inject potentially interesting, but o...

Purpose The Web provides its users with abundant information. Unfortunately, when a Web search is performed, both users and search engines must deal with an annoying problem: the presence of spam documents that are ranked among legitimate ones. The mixed results downgrade the performance of search engines and frustrate users who are required to filter out useless information. To improve the qua...

Definition Web spam refers to a host of techniques to subvert the ranking algorithms of web search engines and cause them to rank search results higher than they would otherwise. Examples of such techniques include content spam (populating web pages with popular and often highly monetizable search terms), link spam (creating links to a page in order to increase its linkbased score), and cloakin...

Spam related cyber crimes have become a serious threat to society. Current spam research mainly aims to detect spam more effectively. We believe the identification and disruption of the supporting infrastructure used by spammers is a more effective way of stopping spam than filtering. The termination of spam hosts will greatly reduce the profit a spammer can generate and thwart his ability to s...

Lexical Simplification is the task of modifying the lexical content of complex sentences in order to make them simpler. Due to the lack of reliable resources available for the task, most existing approaches have difficulties producing simplifications which are grammatical and that preserve the meaning of the original text. In order to improve on the state-of-the-art of this task, we propose use...