abstract main objective of this paper is to evaluate supportive policies of beef producers during the first, second, third and fourth terms of economic, social, and cultural development plans (1989 - 2008).to evaluate the policies, the producers support estimate(pse) index and other indicators (pse %, npc & nac) were used. furthermore, percentages of pse were calculated in different scenarios o...

In this article, we introduce the concept of backup plans as a motivational construct, defined as alternative means to an end that are intentionally developed but are not initially (or ever) used. We posit that backup plans change the way that a person pursues a goal, as well as the likelihood of achieving it, even if the backup plans are never used. In some cases, backup plans are a safety net...

This paper presents standardized norms of child development in Shiraz (Iran). A birth cohort of317 randomly selected neonates born at the 14 maternity clinics of Shiraz during 2 random consecutive weeks in 1996 were followed at homes for 2 years at 12 designed occasions and their development examined by 2 trained public health officers and a community medicine expert. In gross-motor and per...

In cognitive psychology, studies concerning the face tend to focus on questions about face recognition, theory of mind (ToM) and empathy. Questions about the face, however, also fit into a very different set of issues that are central to ethics. Based especially on the work of Levinas, philosophers have come to see that reference to the face of another person can anchor conceptions of moral res...

A growing proportion of the U.S. workforce will have been raised in disadvantaged environments that are associated with relatively high proportions of individuals with diminished cognitive and social skills. A cross-disciplinary examination of research in economics, developmental psychology, and neurobiology reveals a striking convergence on a set of common principles that account for the poten...

The University of South Africa's (UNISA) Institute for Social and Health Sciences was formed in mid-1997 following a decision to combine the University's Institute for Behavioral Sciences with its Health Psychology Unit, including its Center for Peace Action. This merger brought together two groups of researcher-practitioners-one from the social sciences and the other from the health sciencesth...

There is an impending crisis in long-term care for people with developmental disabilities. The demand for care will likely outpace the supply for decades to come. Factors, such as limited existing long-term care resources, increased life expectancy for people with developmental disabilities, changing family demographics, legal actions, and competition for resources with the elderly population a...

The life course has become a topic of growing interest within the social sciences. Attempts to link this sub-discipline with life span developmental psychology have been called for but with little sign of success. In this paper, we seek to address three interlinked issues concerning the potential for a more productive interchange between life course sociology and life span psychology. The first...

One of the key challenges in automated planning is to define the sources of information that will feed the initial state and goals of each planning task. In many domains, the information comes from company’s databases. In other applications, the information is harder to obtain and it is usually partial. In this paper, we will describe an application on travel planning, where the initial state a...