the characteristics of cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with cell proliferation and differentiation is important to understand malignancy. in this report we characterise a leukemic model, d5a1, to study the action of differentiation agent, cellular events and gene expression of the selected transcription factors. cells induced with 4 mm hexamethylene bisacetamide (hmba) caused signs...

objective(s): studies have confirmed that microgravity, as a mechanical factor, influences both differentiation and function of mesenchymal stem cells. here we investigated the effects of simulated microgravity on neural differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (adscs). materials and methods:we have used a fast rotating clinostat (clinorotation) to simulate microgravity condition. re...

background: vhl (von hippel-lindau), runx-3 (runt-related transcription factor 3), e-cadherin (epithelial cadherin), p15 (ink4a, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor), and p16 (ink4b) genes are essential in hematopoiesis. the aim of this study was to explore the correlation between gene expression and promoter methylation in cd34+ stem cells before and after differentiation to erythroid lineage. m...

Animals often interact non-randomly with conspecifics, and association preferences can differ across life-history stages to maximize individuals' fitness. Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) are a social rodent that live in highly seasonal habitats and display seasonal fluctuations in population density, growth rate and the size of overlapped home ranges. Nevertheless, whether gerbils mod...

Brokerage is an essential yet understudied function in social life. In one of the classics in the field of sociology, Georg Simmel differentiated three types of the “third” which help to analyse brokerage: the disinterested mediator or arbitrator, tertius gaudens and divide et impera. Studies that conceptualise traffickers and smugglers as brokers are extremely rare. Scholars lack a typology wh...

This paper studies the implications of interregional redistributive taxation on interregional and interpersonal inequality and on social welfare. We introduce a model of two regions, where individuals are differentiated by their ability and opportunity, the former being determined by heritage and the latter by their residence. Moreover, agents are immobile and respond to interregional transfers...

This study examined the determinants of social withdrawal using data from a survey by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Office for Youth Affairs and Public Safety (2008). In addition, this study identified young people who showed an affinity for social withdrawal although they were not in a state of withdrawal, and examined the determinants of an affinity for social withdrawal. The results of s...

Employing a community ecology perspective, this study examines how interorganizational (IO) communication and social capital (SC) facilitated organizational recovery after Hurricane Katrina. In-depth interviews with 56 New Orleans organizations enabled longitudinal analysis and a grounded theory model that illustrates how communication differentiated four phases of recovery: personal emergency,...

Failure to distinguish between statistical effects and genuine social interaction may lead to unwarranted conclusions about the role of self-differentiation in group function. We offer an introduction to these issues from the perspective of recent research on collaborative cognition.