One-third of the Earth’s land surface experiences seasonal freezing and thawing. Freezing-thawing transitions strongly impact land-atmosphere interactions and, thus, also lower atmosphere above such areas. Observations two L-band satellites, Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Ocean Salinity (SMOS) missions, provide flags that characterize surfaces as either frozen or not frozen. However, both ...

ABSTRACT The effects of non-thermal and low temperature treatments on parasite elimination and chemical and sensory quality of raw oysters were evaluated using: low temperature pasteurization, cold pasteurization, individual quick freezing, ultra-low freezing, and blast freezing. C. parvum was inactivated by all experiments. The results on the effect of treatments on C. cayetanensis were inconc...

The effect of soil extraction procedures and/or sample pretreatment (drying, freezing of the soil sample) on the extractability of cadmium and lead was tested in a model experiment, with an employment of optical emission and atomic absorption spectrometry methods. In the first part, 6 extraction procedures were compared: 2 mol l HNO3, 0.43 mol l CH3COOH, 0.05 mol l EDTA, Mehlich III extraction ...

3843 ABSTRACT Freeze-tolerant organisms survive internal ice formation; however, the adaptations to repeated freeze–thaw cycles are often not well investigated. Here we report how three geographically different populations of Enchytraeus albidus (Germany, Iceland and Svalbard) respond to three temperature treatments – constant thawed (0°C), constant freezing (−5°C) and fluctuating temperature (...

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Climate change is already altering the landscape at high latitudes. Permafrost is thawing, the growing season is starting earlier, and, as a result, certain regions in the Arctic may be subjected to an increased incidence of freeze-thaw events. The potential release of carbon and nutrients from soil microbial cells that have been lysed by freeze-thaw transitions could have significant impacts o...

Most of the Earth's biosphere is characterized by low temperatures (<5°C) and cold-adapted microorganisms are widespread. These psychrophiles have evolved a complex range of adaptations of all cellular constituents to counteract the potentially deleterious effects of low kinetic energy environments and the freezing of water. Microbial life continues into the subzero temperature range, and this ...

Debris flows consist of a mixture of water and sediments of various sizes. Apart from few exceptions, the water is usually contributed directly from precipitation. In a high mountain environment like the Alps, it appears necessary to consider infiltration of water into the ground during rainfall events, the runoff characteristics and the potential supply of sediment as a function of a multitude...

Ice may form by both homogeneous and heterogeneous freezing nucleation processes in clouds at temperatures below -3 5øC. Most investigations have focused on the former process. This paper presents results from adiabatic parcel model calculations that include the effects of both freezing processes in unactivated solution droplets. Uncertainties in predicting the homogeneous freezing rates are di...