This article has been retracted by IOP Publishing following an allegation that this may contain tortured phrases[1] and potential inconsistencies. investigated in line with COPE guidelines have found phrases to be masking overlap of other work [2-3]. As such, the journal lost confidence validity findings presented research agree should retracted. wishes credit PubPeer commenters Problematic Pap...

A number of significant recent advances in solar physics are reviewed. New kinds of observations made during the present sunspot cycle, which began in 1954, have emphasized still further the apparent complexity of solar phenomena and the need of nonequilibrium theoretical treatments. Among the new developments di cussed are solar cosmic rays and highenergy particles, flares and prominences, cor...

Solar sailing is a proposed means of space propulsion in which a reflective surface collects momentum from solar photons to accelerate a vehicle. The current trend within the solar sailing community is to increase sail size as solar sailing technologies advance, allowing for larger payloads and higher accelerations. However, with the miniaturization of modern payloads, sail sizes can be dramati...