Abstract Since the appearance of seminal paper Frankel and Romer (Am Econ Rev 89(3): 379–399, 1999), ‘Does trade cause growth?’, impact aggregate openness on income has been controversial. This research shows that type product is traded first-order effects, while overall intensity second-order effects per capita because (i) hierarchical structure learning-by-doing in products with different lev...

This article proposes a simple but powerful framework to measure political sophistication based on open-ended survey responses. Discursive uses automated text analysis methods capture the complexity of individual attitude expression. I validate approach by comparing it conventional knowledge metrics using different batteries items across five surveys spanning four languages (total $ N\approx 35...

This paper aims to investigate the effect of financial development on economic complexity using a panel dataset 24 African countries over period 1983-2017. The empirical evidence is based two different approaches. First, we adopt Hoechle (2007) procedure which produces Driscoll-Kraay standard errors account for heteroscedasticity and cross–sectional dependence. Second, implement system Generali...