Without intervention after spinal cord injury (SCI), paralyzed skeletal muscles undergo myofiber atrophy and slow-to-fast myofiber type transformations. We hypothesized that chronic spasticity-associated neuromuscular activity after SCI would promote recovery from such deleterious changes. We examined segmental tail muscles of chronic spinal rats with long-standing tail spasticity (7 mo after s...

INTRODUCTION Muscle atrophy, spasticity, and deformity are among long term complication of spinal cord injury (SCI) veterans. There are numerous studies evaluating effect of functional electrical stimulation on muscle properties of SCI people, but less research has focused on the benefits of passive cycling in the management of spasticity and improving ROM of lower limbs in individuals with SCI...

OBJECTIVES After stroke, abnormal arm posture due to spasticity in a functionally useless arm may interfere with self care tasks. In these patients botulinum toxin treatment presents an opportunity to reduce disability. The purpose was to investigate whether reduction in spasticity after botulinum toxin treatment translates into reduction in disability and carer burden. METHODS Forty patients...

Spasticity in patients with cerebral palsy is seen as an important factor which causes functional handicap well and later structural deformities. Because spasticity a deteriorating for function, treatment of one the main columns spastic children palsy. However, recent publications raise doubts on efficacy that focuses compensating weakness. Other highlight possibility conditioning reflexes, pav...

We report a case of a 53-year-old male with traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). He could not maintain a standing position because of painful spasticity in his lower limbs. A magnetic resonance imaging and electromyography indicated chronic lumbosacral radiculopathy, explaining his chronic low back pain before the injury. For diagnostic as well as therapeutic purposes, transforaminal ep...

A group of clinicians from across Europe experienced in the use of botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of spasticity following acquired brain injury gathered to develop a consensus statement on best practice in managing adults with spasticity. This consensus table summarizes the current published data, which was collated following extensive literature searches, their assessment for level o...

Twenty eight patients with severe, intractable spasticity have been treated by chronic intrathecal administration of baclofen. An implantable programmable drug-administration-device (DAD) was used with a permanent intrathecal catheter. Infusion of 50 to 800 micrograms/day of baclofen completely abolished spasticity. Follow-up was up to two years. Therapeutic effect was documented by clinical as...

The management of spasticity in stroke requires a multidisciplinary approach but more importantly, an understanding of the pathophysiology of its consequences. This paper reviews different definitions from neurophysiology and medical literature which try to place spasticity in stroke in its proper context and describes the current understanding of its pathophysiology and resultant functional im...

One of the "hidden" medical devices in the school setting is the baclofen pump, which is used for the treatment of spasticity. The goals of spasticity treatment are to decrease muscle tone, deformity, and pain in order to maximize function and ease of care for both child and caregiver. The use of an intrathecal baclofen pump, often for children with cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, brain inj...

Spasticity is a common complication after spinal cord injury (SCI) within the upper motor neuron syndrome. We describe it in 2 parts: in the first one (Part 1) the pathophysiology, clinical features and assessment are shown, and in this part (Part 2) its treatment will be considered. Once it has been decided to treat spasticity, the treatment is based on starting with simpler and less problemat...