For historic reasons, programming (and its theory, as well as methodology) evolved from the computing paradigm. Many computer applications in common use do not fit this paradigm well. Neither an operating system, nor a word processor compute anything, even if their operation involves many computations. Here we follow another paradigm, viz. that of system behaviour, in which finite actions are u...

Array-based languages, such as MATLAB and Python’s NumPy library, usually share some common features. For example, both MATLAB and Python have matrix multiplication built-in to the language and offer support for array slicing operators. Details of the exact semantics of some array operators may vary slightly, but the basic ideas are substantially similar. Languages like MATLAB and especially Py...

Keccak (pronounced [kEtSak]) is a family of hash functions that are based on the sponge construction [1] and use as a building block a permutation from a set of 7 permutations. In this document, we specify these permutations, the Keccak sponge functions and the parameter values we propose for use in our SHA-3 candidates. We also give conventions for bit and byte numbering, for using the arbitra...