Three known nucleosides were isolated from the sponge Haliclona sp. The structures were established on the basis of NMR data and comparison with those reported, and chemotaxonomic relationships of the sponge nucleosides were discussed.

Sponges and bacteria have lived together in complex consortia for 700 million years. As filter feeders, sponges prey on bacteria. Nevertheless, some bacteria are associated with sponges in symbiotic relationships. To enable this association, sponges and bacteria are likely to have developed molecular communication systems. These may include molecules such as N-acyl-L-homoserine lactones, produc...

Sponges are abundant and diverse on coral reefs, and play key functional roles; but virtually nothing is known of their dynamics. This is the first report of coral reef sponge community dynamics documented by a series of censuses in which volume and species of every individual were recorded. At the start of the 14 year study, there were 1395 sponge individuals, representing 39 species in nine o...

Recent studies have renewed interest in sponge ecology by emphasizing the functional importance of sponges in a broad array of ecosystem services. Many critically important habitats occupied by sponges face chronic stressors that might lead to alterations in their diversity, relatedness, and functional attributes. We addressed whether proximity to human activity might be a significant factor in...

A series of experiments was conducted to explore the utility of composite-based collection of surface samples for the detection of a Bacillus anthracis surrogate using cellulose sponge samplers on a nonporous stainless steel surface. Two composite-based collection approaches were evaluated over a surface area of 3716 cm2 (four separate 929 cm2 areas), larger than the 645 cm2 prescribed by the s...

Aim To determine the safety and efficacy of intraoperative injection of mitomycin C (MMC) against conventional sponge-applied MMC during trabeculectomy. Materials and methods This study was a retrospective, comparative case series. Thirty eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma underwent consecutive trabeculectomies with MMC injection (injection group), and thirty eyes with sponge-applied MMC w...

A TiO2 film having "photonic sponge" architecture (ps-TiO2) has been prepared using titania Degussa P25 nanoparticles that have been infiltrated into a template obtained through the arrangement of a mixture of different size latex spheres. The resulting photonic sponge exhibits 3.3 fold higher initial photocatalytic degradation rate for succinonitrile disappearance than analogous films of the s...

The sponge is an interface that allows a clear link to be established between gesture and sound in electroacoustic music. The goals in developing the sponge were to reintroduce the pleasure of playing and to improve the interaction between the composer/performer and the audience. It has been argued that expenditure of effort or energy is required to obtain expressive interfaces. The sponge favo...

Three-dimensional graphene (3DG) sponge has attracted increasing attention because it 10 combines the unique properties of cellular materials and the excellent performance of graphene. 11 The preparation of 3DG sponge depends mainly on the self-assembly of graphene oxide sheets. 12 Here, we demonstrate facile fabrication of 3DG sponge with a large-scale and ordered porous 13 structure, exploiti...

The strain rate effect of luffa sponge material is an indispensable property for it to be used for acoustic, vibration, and impact energy absorption. Compressive tests at different strain rates on cylindrical column specimens of luffa sponge material were conducted over a wide density ranging from 24 to 64 kg/m. A photographic technique was applied to measure the section area of the specimen wi...