This paper presents the origins and development of the EU’s involvement in sport through the examination of the landmark decisions that have shaped its approach over time. The initiation and development of that policy can be considered an example of ‘ task expansion’, in which the EU has extended the scope of its activities as a consequence of actors instrumentalising institutional venues to th...

One of the most important factors affecting organizational effectiveness is organizational culture and entrepreneurship. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship of organizational culture and corporate entrepreneurship with effectiveness in offices of sport and youth in Golestan Province. Research method was correlation and the statistical population included all directors...

This study is a conceptual replication of previous work by Storey, Stern, & Parker (1990) that examined the influence of participation in integrated vs. segregated recreation/sports activities on evaluations of a person with mental retardation by persons without a disability. The Storey et al., (1990) study observed that people with mental retardation were viewed less favorably when participati...

Governments and Governmental organisations are currently encouraging people to take part in exercise, and particularly competitive exercise, without apparent regard to one inevitable consequence, an increasing incidence of injuries. By definition physical exercise involves stress which is being applied through sport to more and more people. Figures made available by the Central Council of Physi...

Sport and physical education is an integral part of education and a means to achieve physical and mental health. It should not be assumed that physical education and is a fancy worthless issue and merely a means for fun and engagement of children and adolescents. In contrast, it should be considered an important component of life activities. Concepts such as fitness, health, personal and social...

In suitable growing conditions, the grasses are one of the well lawn covering materials due to uniform in color and texture, soft and resilient, easy to take care of. In many areas, grasses can provide a surface that maintenance frees than paving. They can be walked on, sat on and used for many outdoor activities and sport activities such as; football, soccer, volleyball and related practices. ...

Arguments on a popular microblogging site were analysed by means of a methodological approach to business rhetoric focusing on the logos communication technique. The focus of the analysis was the 100 day countdown to the 2011 Rugby World Cup as advanced by the organisers. Big sporting events provide an attractive medium for sport event marketers in that they have become important strategic comm...

This chapter outlines theoretical perspectives on career transitions in sport. Models that have been employed to explain this phenomenon will initially be delineated, including theories of social gerontology, thanatology, and human adaptation to transition. This will be followed by an outline of a conceptual model of sports career transition (Taylor & Ogilvie, 1998). This model focuses on how t...

Multicultural scholarship in sport and exercise psychology should help us understand and apply cultural competencies for all to be physically active. In the present study, two Asian countries, Japan and Singapore, were chosen. The participation rate for physical activities among adolescent girls tends to be lower than that of boys in both countries. Thus, the purpose of the project was to gain ...