With fire suppression, many western forests are expected to have fewer gaps and higher stem density of shade-tolerant species as light competition becomes a more significant influence on stand pattern and composition. We compared species composition, structure, spatial pattern, and environmental factors such as light and soil moisture between two old-growth forests: Pacific Northwest western he...

1. The spatial pattern of tree species retains signatures of factors and processes such as dispersal, available resource patches for establishment, competition and demographics. Comparison of the spatial pattern of different size classes can thus help to reveal the importance and characteristics of the underlying processes. However, tree dynamics may be masked by large-scale heterogeneous site ...

Open-pit mining activities in the oil sands region of Alberta, Canada, create disturbed lands that, by law, must be reclaimed to a land capability equivalent to that existed before the disturbance. Re-establishment of forest cover will be affected by the production and turnover rate of fine roots. However, the relationship between fine root dynamics and tree growth has not been studied in recla...

Tropical forests are becoming increasingly alien-dominated through the establishment of timber plantations and secondary forests. Despite widespread recognition that afforestation results in increased evapotranspiration and lower catchment yields, little is known of the impacts of timber plantations on water balance relative to native forest. Native forest trees have been claimed to use water c...

Investigations were conducted to study the effect of stem portion and number stakes per stand on crop establishment, growth yield cassava variety NR 8082 in Umudike Southeastern Nigeria during 2016/17 2017/18 cropping seasons. In each year, experiment was laid out as a 3 × factorial, randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments consisted portions different physiological ...

In this paper, we propose a hierarchical reinforcement learning method which enables a learner to learn tasks in a highdimensional state space. In the upper level, the learner coarsely explores the low-dimensional state space. In the lower level, the learner nely explores the high-dimensional state space. Speci cally, the learner learns to set up appropriate subgoals for the task in the upper l...

objective: ecosystems with mixed species compared to the ones with pure compositions provide a broader range of options in the fields of biodiversity, conservation, protection and restoration. nearly all forest plantations are established as monocultures, but research has shown that there are potential advantages to be gained by using carefully designed species mixtures in place of monocultures...

Modification of stands’ structure and managing them using silvicultural methods close to nature and single selection system require information on status of structure, determining the target diameter, basal area and suitable volume to result in long-term equilibrium and sustainability. So, this study was conducted using the selection sample statistical method by selecting  five 1-ha sample plot...

Clonal teak plantation has been extensively developed in Java and providing a purposeful contribution to improve the productivity of state forests. It also plays crucial role climate change mitigation serves as primary source renewable energy. However, information about its stand dynamics rarely documented. This study investigated growth, biomass, carbon stock, energy storage along an age serie...