We surveyed the stapedial anatomy of Thrinaxodon liorhinus Seeley, 1894 and Galesaurus planiceps Owen, 1859, two iconic Early Triassic basal cynodonts. The complete characterization this bone analysis its morphological variability along ontogeny within each taxon were possible through study eleven elements nine 1859. Our results highlight notable qualitative quantitative differences among speci...

OBJECTIVES It is not unusual for a cochlear implantation (CI) candidate to have some type of ear malformation, in particular an abnormal course of the facial nerve (FN). In this study, we attempted to reconstruct a three-dimensional (3D) image of temporal bone structures with malformation using computed tomography (CT) imaging and examined its usefulness in the surgical planning of CI in a malf...

have been several reports on pneumolabyrinth after stapes surgery, it has been rarely observed after temporal bone fracture. Air within the inner ear can be found even in the case having otic capsule-disrupting temporal bone fracture without definite connection with the middle ear space, which suggests the possible connection between the inner ear and the air-filled mastoid or middle ear caviti...

Stapes fractures without other ossicle problems are rare and ossicle problems due to explosion pressure are also rare. We describe a very rare case of stapes anterior crural fracture resulting from a land mine explosion. As this case suggests, a close examination of the ossicles is necessary during an exploration tympanotomy.

Scientists have marveled at the middle ear for centuries. The importance of the middle ear to hearing and the ease which with it may be damaged make an understanding of this system relevant to clinicians. The middle ear functions as a transformer, in which the motion of the stapes is the output and the sound pressure at the tympanic membrane is the input. Though much studied, the relationship b...

Traumatic pneumolabyrinth is a relatively rare entity. We report the case of a unilaterally deaf woman with pneumolabyrinth who had suffered penetrating injury 15 years ago. This past history indicated that the case was late pneumolabyrinth occurring from undiagnosed old posttraumatic perilymphatic fistula. In Japan, most cases of traumatic pneumolabyrinth are caused by penetrating injury with ...