The structural gene encoding staphylococcal enterotoxin C1 was cloned into Escherichia coli and localized on a 1.5-kilobase HindIII-ClaI DNA fragment by subcloning. The toxin was partially purified from E. coli clones and shown to be immunologically identical to enterotoxin C1 from Staphylococcus aureus. The cloned toxin also had the same molecular weight (26,000) and charge heterogeneity as st...

The goal of this work was to determine whether staphylococcal enterotoxin type A gene (sea) expression is regulated by an accessory gene regulator (agr). The Tn551 insertionally inactivated agr allele of Staphylococcus aureus ISP546 was transferred to three Sea+ S. aureus strains. Each of the Agr- strains produced as much staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) as its parent strain. These results su...

Background: T cell activation is discussed as an important factor in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Recently, a lot of attention has been paid to the role of superantigens in T cell activation in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. In this study, the role of staphylococcal superantigens in the pathogenesis of psoriasis with identification of staphylococcal toxin levels in the skin lesions of p...

Introduction A series of test kits for detecting bacterial toxins have recently been put on the market byOXOId Limited. These kits employ reversed passIve tatex agglutination (RPLA) as the assay method and, in this article. the development, characteristics and value of the method for detecting bacterial toxins are briefly reviewed . Bacteria produce enzymes and toxins With vanous biological act...

We investigated the ability of interleukin 10 (IL-10) to protect mice against lethal shock induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Treatment of mice with IL-10 prevented the death of mice injected with SEB in a dose-dependent manner. IL-10-mediated protection was apparent when administered either prior to or concurrent with SEB but was less effective when administered following SEB injec...

BACKGROUND Camelids and sharks possess a unique subclass of antibodies comprised of only heavy chains. The antigen binding fragments of these unique antibodies can be cloned and expressed as single domain antibodies (sdAbs). The ability of these small antigen-binding molecules to refold after heating to achieve their original structure, as well as their diminutive size, makes them attractive ca...

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic pruritic inflammatory skin disease. We recently described an animal model in which repeated epicutaneous applications of a house dust mite extract and Staphylococcal enterotoxin B induced eczematous skin lesions. In this study we showed that global gene expression patterns are very similar between human AD skin and allergen/staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induce...

GVHD: Graft-Versus-Host Disease; HSCT: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; CsA: Cyclosporine; MHC: Major Histocompatibility Complex; CLIP: Class II Invariant Chain Peptide; IL-2: Interleukin-2; IL-4: Interleukin-4; IL-5: Interleukin-5; IL-10: Interleukin-10; IFN-γ:Interferon-γ; TNF-α: Tumor Necrosis Factor-α; TGF-β: Transforming Growth Factor-β; TCR: T-Cell Receptor; SEB: Staphylococcal En...