Maxwellian-type rheological models of inelastic effects creep type at large strains are revisited in relation to strain gradient theories. In particular, we observe that a dependence the stored energy density on gradients may lead spurious hardening effects, preventing model from accommodating slips. The main result this paper is an alternative type, where higher-order contribution provided by ...

Cryogenic cooling of shell eggs with carbon dioxide (CO(2)) is known to improve egg content quality through rapid cooling as well as by increasing internal CO(2) levels. A study was undertaken to determine the effects of variations in atmospheric CO(2) concentrations (aerobically stored, flushed with CO(2) and sealed, or bubbled with CO(2)) on the survival and growth of Salmonella Enteritidis i...

Pediococcus species isolated from forage crops were characterized, and their application to silage preparation was studied. Most isolates were distributed on forage crops at low frequency. These isolates could be divided into three (A, B, and C) groups by their sugar fermentation patterns. Strains LA 3, LA 35, and LS 5 are representative isolates from groups A, B, and C, respectively. Strains L...

BACKGROUND Early outbreaks of the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus predominantly involved young children, who fuelled transmission through spread in homes and schools. Seroprevalence studies conducted on stored serum collections indicated low levels of antibody to the novel strain in this age group, leading many to recommend priority immunisation of paediatric populations. OBJECTIVES In...

The effect of sodium and magnesium chloride in 1 and 2 m concentration at temperatures of 37 and 50 C on type C, strain 149, foot-and-mouth disease virus during storage for 6 days was studied. The exclusively passaged cattle strain and its tissue culture-adapted line were compared. Preparations of the various chemicals and their concentrations were made directly in suspensions of the virus, whi...

Little is known about the effects of weight loss on diastolic function. Furthermore, it is not known whether both caloric restriction (CR)- and exercise (Ex)-induced weight loss have salutary effects on diastolic function. Therefore, we assessed the effects of yearlong CR (n = 12) and Ex (n = 13) interventions, which induced approximately 12% weight loss, on diastolic function in healthy, nonob...

BACKGROUND The effect of blood storage on tissue oxygen delivery has not been clearly defined. Some studies demonstrate reduced microvascular oxygen delivery, whereas others do not. We hypothesize that storage of rat blood will limit its ability to deliver oxygen to cerebral tissue. METHODS Anaesthetized rats underwent haemorrhage (18 ml kg(-1)) and resuscitation with an equivalent amount of ...

There have been numerous efforts to understand and control the resistance of materials to fracture by repeated or cyclic stresses. The micromechanical behaviours, particularly the distributions of stresses on the scale of grain size during or after mechanical or electrical fatigue, are crucial to a full understanding of the damage mechanisms in these materials. Whether a large microstress devel...