Trigeminal autonomic cephalgias (TACs) include cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, and short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing. Associated structural lesions may be found, but a causal relationship is often difficult to establish. We sought to identify clinical predictors of underlying structural abnormalities by reviewing previously described...

Cases are presented in which cerebral disease was associated with schizophrenic-like or manic-depressivelike psychoses, anxiety or obsessional states i.e. psychiatric disorders usually classed as 'functional'. Evidence is presented to suggest that this association is not due to chance. The cerebral structural changes are characterized either by the presence of 'focal' lesions, e.g. multiple scl...

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease with serious impact on patients and society. The causes of epilepsy comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders, rendering epilepsy diagnoses rather difficult and challenging. The primary role of MRI is to locate and define the probable anatomic epileptogenic lesions. In the developing countries, where functional MRI (fMRI) is not popular, conventional...

Drug-induced encephalopathy is a disease entity often caused by impaired cerebral metabolism that is not attributed to structural brain lesions. However, some drug-induced encephalopathies can develop structural lesions and share other underlying pathophysiological mechanisms (table 2). Leading symptoms are acute or chronic disturbances of consciousness, brain function and personality changes w...

Among 60 ultraviolet-induced missense mutations of the structural genes that code for mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (M-MDH, EC 1.1.1.37) of Neurospora crassa, two enzyme phenotypes are observed. In a previously described class (C-mutants), M-MDH is malfunctional because of an abnormal conformation induced by association with mitochondria. We describe here a second class (K-mutants) in whic...

holt-oram syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder, characterised by skeletal abnormalities of the upper limb associated with congenital heart defect, mainly atrial and ventricular septal defects. skeletal defects exclusively affect the upper limbs in the preaxial radial ray distribution and are bilateral and asymmetrical. they range from clinodactyly, absent or digitalised thumb, hypoplastic...

BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in Brazil and has a high potential for prevention and cure. The prevalence of invasive and preinvasive disease in women with cytological diagnosis of high-grade lesion - cannot exclude microinvasion (HSIL-micro) is not known. METHODS This cross-sectional study used a cytology lab database to identify women with HSIL-micro and HSIL ref...

Electrophysiological methods such as electroencephalography and evoked potential studies (EEG and EPs) provide functional assessment of the central nervous system (CNS). As such, their scope parallels that of the clinical examination and is complementary to that of imaging techniques (CT scan, MRI), which provide structural assessment. Indeed, CNS dysfunction may occur with or without evidence ...

AIM The aim of this study was to quantify grey matter changes in children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP), differentiating between cortical or deep grey matter (CDGM) lesions, periventricular white matter (PWM) lesions, and unilateral and bilateral lesions. METHOD In a cross-sectional study we obtained high resolution structural magnetic resonance images from 72 children (41 males, 31 fe...

BACKGROUND Accurate diagnosis in patients presenting with lesions at various locations within the visual pathway is challenging. This study investigated functional and structural changes secondary to such lesions to identify patterns useful to guide early and effective management. METHODS Over 10,000 records from patients referred for optic nerve head assessment were reviewed and 31 patients ...