Matthes and Uustalu (TCS 327(1–2):155–174, 2004) presented a categorical description of substitution systems capable of capturing syntax involving binding which is independent of whether the syntax is made up from least or greatest fixed points. We extend this work in two directions: we continue the analysis by creating more categorical structure, in particular by organizing substitution system...

Object substitution masking occurs when a lateral mask persists beyond the duration of a target, reflecting reentrant processes in vision (V. Di Lollo, J. Enns, & R. Rensink, 2000). The authors studied whether substitution masking is location specific and whether it is symmetric around the target. A brief circular display of letters was presented along with a mask that designated the target. Th...

0 Introduction In modern treatments of predicate calculus [2], no mention is made of states or variables up until the point where substitution is introduced. There, suddenly, the abstraction that reigned before is cast to the winds, and a substitution is defined as the result of a textual replacement of variable names by expressions. It is the purpose of this note to remedy this breach of style...

methadone is widely being used for opioid substitution therapy. however, the administration of methadone to opioid dependent individual is frequently accompanied by withdrawal syndrome and chemical dependency develops. other than that, it is also difficult to retain patients in the treatment programme making their retention rates are decreasing over time. this article is written to higlights th...

Hilbert’s epsilon substitution method provides a technique for showing that a theory is consistent by producing progressively more accurate computable approximations to the non-computable components of a proof. If it can be shown that this process eventually halts with a sufficiently good approximation, the theory is consistent. Here we produce a new formulation of the method for the theory ID1...

The Reduction-under-Substitution Lemma (RuS), due to van Daalen [Daa80], provides an answer to the following question concerning the lambda calculus: given a reductionM [x := L] N , what can we say about the contribution of the substitution to the result N . It is related to a not very well-known lemma that was conjectured by Barendregt in the early 70’s, addressing the similar question as to t...

The basic properties of distributivity and deletion of pure and o-substitution are investigated. The obtained results are applied to show preservation of recognizability in a number of surprising cases. It is proved that linear and recognizable tree series are closed under o-substitution provided that the underlying semiring is commutative, continuous, and additively idempotent. It is known tha...

Matthes and Uustalu (TCS 327(1–2):155–174, 2004) presented a categorical description of substitution systems capable of capturing syntax involving binding which is independent of whether the syntax is made up from least or greatest fixed points. We extend this work in two directions: we continue the analysis by creating more categorical structure, in particular by organizing substitution system...

Modern neoclassical business cycle theories posit that the observed fluctuations in consumption and employment correspond to decisions of an optimizing representative individual. We estimate three first-order conditions that represent three tradeoffs faced by such an optimizing individual. He can trade off present for future consumption, present for future leisure, and present consumption for p...