One purpose of the ML module system is to hide equalities between types exposed in an interface and types used in the implementation [10]. Generalized algebraic data types (gadts) [13], a more recent addition, make these type equalities first class. gadts attach first class equalities to data; equalities may be hidden by polymorphism or modular abstraction, and later revealed by scrutinising th...

antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (anca) were first described in patients with necrotizing glomerulonephritis. the original observation passed unnoticed until an association was made between anca and active wegener's granulomatosis. since then, tremendous progress has been made in elucidating the association between anca subtypes and clinicopathologic syndromes, and the potential p...

There is a paucity of data regarding molecular subtypes of pure ductal carcinoma in situ (pDCIS). We evaluated the expression of ER, PR, HER2, Ki67, and p53 and DNA ploidy in 118 pDCIS and 100 invasive breast carcinomas (IBCAs) by routine IHC and classified them according to molecular subtypes. Quantification of biomarkers and DNA ploidy was performed by image analysis. Expression of ER, PR, an...

ASL+ is a formalism for speciication and programming in-the-large, based on an arbitrary institution. It has rules for proving the satisfaction and reenement of speciications, which can be seen as a type theory with subtyping, including contravariant reenement for-abstracted speciications and a notion of stratiied equality for higher-order objects. We describe the syntax of the language and a p...

This paper is devoted to a comprehensive study of polymorphic subtypes with products. We first present a sound and complete Hilbert style axiomatization of the relation of being a subtype in presence of !; type constructors and the 8 quantifier, and we show that such axiomatization is not encodable in the system with !;8 only. In order to give a logical semantics to such a subtyping relation, w...

Speciication languages are best used in environments that provide eeective theorem proving. Having such support available, it is feasible to contemplate forms of typechecking that can use the services of a theorem prover. This allows interesting extensions to the type systems provided for speciication languages. I describe one such extension called \predicate subtyping" and illustrate its utili...

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a key component of the tumor microenvironment and play an important role in disease progression treatment outcome. Here we used single-cell transcriptomics, CNV analysis, situ stainings to elucidate yet unresolved intra-tumoral CAF heterogeneity melanoma, basal squamous cell carcinoma. We identified three major subtypes, with their presence being indicat...

Breast cancer, the second leading cause of cancer death of women worldwide, is a heterogenous disease with multiple different subtypes. These subtypes carry important implications for prognosis and therapy. Interestingly, it is known that these different subtypes not only have different biological behaviors, but also have distinct gene expression profiles. However, it has not been rigorously ex...

We sought to define whether there are intrinsic molecular subtypes of high-grade bladder cancer. Consensus clustering performed on gene expression data from a meta-dataset of high-grade, muscle-invasive bladder tumors identified two intrinsic, molecular subsets of high-grade bladder cancer, termed "luminal" and "basal-like," which have characteristics of different stages of urothelial different...