Diarrhea continues to be a leading cause of death in children <5 years of age, and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the most common bacterial cause of children's diarrhea. Currently, there are no available vaccines against ETEC-associated diarrhea. Whole-cell vaccine candidates have been under development but require further improvements because they provide inadequate protection and ...

The global outbreak of novel A/H1N1 spread in human population worldwide has revealed an emergency need for producing a vaccine against this virus. Current influenza vaccines encounter problems with safety issues and weak response in high-risk population. It has been established that haemagglutinin is the most important viral antigen ...

BACKGROUND Dengue virus is a mosquito-transmitted virus that can cause self-limiting dengue fever, severe life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. The existence of four serotypes of dengue virus has complicated the development of an effective and safe dengue vaccine. Recently, a clinical phase 2b trial of Sanofi Pasteur's CYD tetravalent dengue vaccine revealed that ...

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), a member of the Bunyaviridae family, is a mosquito-borne zoonotic pathogen that causes serious morbidity and mortality in livestock and humans. The recent spread of the virus beyond its traditional endemic boundaries in Africa to the Arabian Peninsula coupled with the presence of susceptible vectors in nonendemic countries has created increased interest in RVF va...

Systemic and mucosal antibody responses against both the major subunit of colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and the somatic lipopolysaccharide expressed by recombinant bivalent Salmonella vaccine strains were significantly enhanced by coadministration of a detoxified derivative with preserved adjuvant effects of the ETEC heat-labile toxin, LT((R192...

Tuberculosis (TB), a major public health problem, is a re-emerging challenging through the world. Prevention of this disease is a priority of WHO. Many subunit vaccine have been candidate for vaccination. Evaluating the safety and efficacy of these antigens is the concern of many researchers. This review is discussed efficiency or non-efficiency of CFP-10antigen with Fcγ2α IgG for vaccine desig...

The Step study of a recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-based human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine revealed an increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition in vaccinees who were Ad5 seropositive at baseline. We therefore investigated whether preexisting Ad seropositivity to 7 different Ad serotypes was associated with increased risk of HIV-1 infection in 3 HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial...

The JC polyomavirus virus (JCPyV) affects more than 80% of the human population in their early life stage. It mainly immunocompromised individuals where replication oligodendrocytes and astrocytes may lead to fatal progressive multifocal encephalopathy (PML). Virus protein 1 (VP1) is one major structural proteins viral capsid, responsible for keeping alive gastrointestinal urinary tracts. VP1 o...

Martens M, Rosales C, Morilla A. Evaluation of the use of a subunit classical swine fever marker vaccine under field conditions in Mexico. J Swine Health Prod. 2003;11(2):81-85. Figure 1: Map of Mexico (July 1998), showing the geographical areas free of classical swine fever (CSF) where vaccine was prohibited (Free); the area where CSF was endemic at a low level and vaccination was enforced (Co...

Systemic vaccination of rabbits with an inactivated type 1 virus subunit vaccine induced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Following ocular infection with type 1 herpes virus corneal ulceration and virus excretion were reduced in the vaccinated rabbits.