INTRODUCTION The concept of “urban sprawl” has become so popular in American planning and design literature that it has produced its own dedicated lexicon of specialized terms. Words like “asphalt nation”, “McMansions”, and “lollipop suburbs” define the conditions of low-density, automobile-dependent land use patterns that characterize the American landscape with ever greater degrees of specifi...

INTRODUCTION Parks in disadvantaged suburbs often have low quality and few amenities, which is likely to result in them being underutilised for recreation and physical activity. Refurbishment of parks, including shade, walking paths and other amenities, may have broad health-related benefits. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study design, methods and planned analyses for a natural experiment examinin...

This study aims to investigate the concentration levels, pollution characteristics and the associated potential ecological risks of the heavy metals found in dust in the metropolitan area of Beijing, China during the winter. Dust samples were collected at 49 different spatial locations of Beijing's metropolitan area from November 2013 to January 2014, in which the concentration levels of Cd, Cr...

OBJECTIVE To determine the perceived neighborhood environment (NE) variables that are associated with physical activity (PA) in urban areas in China. METHODS Parents of students at two junior high schools in Shanghai, one downtown and the other in the suburbs, were recruited to participate in the study. They completed an International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and Neighborhood En...

Every child had an average of three episodes of diarrhea per year in developing countries in the twentieth century. The decrease of the number of deaths due to diarrhea in Brazil was more closely related to the use of control techniques than to changes in lifestyle conditions. This article seeks to analyze the spatial distribution of morbidity due to diarrhea among children and its relation wit...

Fetal growth is an important risk factor for infant morbidity and mortality. In turn, socioeconomic status is a key predictor of fetal growth; however, other sociodemographic factors and environmental effects may also be important. This study modelled geographic variation in poor fetal growth after accounting for socioeconomic status, with a fixed effect for socioeconomic status and a combinati...

Which municipalities and locations within the United States contribute the most to household greenhouse gas emissions, and what is the effect of population density and suburbanization on emissions? Using national household surveys, we developed econometric models of demand for energy, transportation, food, goods, and services that were used to derive average household carbon footprints (HCF) fo...

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Kolkata and its suburbs in eastern India faced an epidemic of typhoid fever in 1990. A prospective, hospital and laboratory based study over a period of 12 yr (1990-2001), on the phage typing and biotyping pattern of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi was carried out, to see if there has been a change. METHODS A total of 338 S. enterica serotype Typhi isolates from 149...

Although there is a great emphasis on memory in the diagnosis of dementia and in the measurement of treatment response, disorders of language are an important, but sometimes neglected, feature of many dementias. In 2005 the Academic Unit for the Psychiatry of Old Age of the University of Melbourne was located at St. George’s Hospital in the inner eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. In asso...

8 ABSTRACT: Which municipalities and locations within the United States contribute the 9 most to household greenhouse gas emissions, and what is the effect of population density 10 and suburbanization on emissions? Using national household surveys, we developed 11 econometric models of demand for energy, transportation, food, goods, and services that 12 were used to derive average household car...