Background: The existence of fluoride ion in potable water has distinctive effects on human health. Fluoride is attracted by positively charged calcium in teeth and bones due to its strong electro-negativity which results in dental, skeletal, and non-skeletal forms of xuorosis and associated health complaints in children as well as adults. Methods: Water samples from groundwater used for dri...

eclaimed municipal wastewater is becoming a source of public water supplies in places where water is limited. In countries such as Japan, South Africa, and France, legislation encouraging innovative technologies that render wastewater fit for reuse has stimulated the development of alternative processes.1 The use of membranes in tertiary treatment and advanced purification evolved as a promisin...

This paper describes the development of car drive cycle for simulation of vehicles exhaust gas emissions and fuel economy. In this research work, the development of light vehicle drive cycle for city of Tehran has been performed. First, the approach to develop a drive cycle has been described. The necessary measuring tools and software have then been provided, and the car speed has been recorde...

In recent decades, groundwater overexploitation has caused an important aquifer level decline in arid zones each year. addition to this issue, large volumes of effluent are produced year metropolitan areas these regions. situation, storage and recovery system (ASR) using the reclaimed domestic wastewater can be a local solution two challenges. research, post-treatment municipal been investigate...

This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using condensate water from air conditioners for non-potable purposes in a hospital building located city Recife-PE, Brazil. The applied methodology was divided into following steps: investigation amount generated by condensate, where it used three ways observe volume produced, first through collection with graduated cylinder and application equati...

Water reclamation can be one of the solutions when trying to solve the global water shortage. In the dry region Beaufort West, South Africa is a water reclamation plant supplying the inhabitants with drinking water, treated from wastewater. It is, however, important to evaluate the risks connected to this technology. The aim of this study was to conduct a chemical risk assessment in order to id...

background: natural organic compounds are known as precursors in the formation of disinfection byproducts. the aim of this study was to evaluate of effect of modified cationic surfactant nano zeolite in the removal of humic acid (ha) from water. materials and methods: nano zeolite (clinoptilolite) was modified by cationic surfactant solution hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (hdtma-br), in dos...

egionnaires’ disease was first recognized in 1976 during an outbreak among attendees at an American Legion convention. The disease is a form of pneumonia caused by bacteria of the genus Legionella. Legionella thrives at warm temperatures (25–42oC [77–108oF]). It lives inside biofilm in aquatic environments, usually as an intracellular parasite of amoebae.1 This lifestyle protects it from disinf...

Quantitative risk assessment for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts was performed to determine the public health significance of non-potable use of tertiary treated reclaimed water. Seven reclaimed water treatment plants in the southwestern United States participated in this study. The average public exposure to oocysts and cysts was estimated, based on concentrations, recovery efficienc...