More than half of persons living with HIV infection in the United States (U.S.) will be ≥50 years of age by 2020, including postmenopausal women. We conducted a systematic literature review about the effects of (1) HIV infection on age at menopause and (2) menopause on antiretroviral therapy (ART) response, in order to inform optimal treatment strategies for menopausal women living with HIV inf...

BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY Late 'age at menopause' is a recognised risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer and is also associated with decreased use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). When investigating the association between HRT use and breast cancer risk it is therefore necessary to adjust for the potential confounder, 'age at menopause'. 'Age at menopause', however, cannot be determ...

Introduction: Menopause a critical phase in women life, is defined as last menses and can be declared after 12 months of amenorrhea. Menopause is accompanied by several distressing symptoms that burden patient`s quality of life. Moreover menopause is associated with several cardiovascular and bone complications. Cardiovascular complications are also major cause of mortality among women. Intensi...

Introduction: Although international clinical practice guidelines recognize a continued role for menopausal hormone therapy (HT), particularly symptomatic women <60 years of age or within 10 menopause, safety and tolerability concerns have discouraged HT use due to potential links with perceived increased risk hormone-dependent cancers, an established stroke venous thromboembolism. There is the...