BACKGROUND Empirical studies of surrogate decision-making tend to assume that surrogates should make only a 'substituted judgement'--that is, judge what the patient would want if they were mentally competent. OBJECTIVES To explore what people want in a surrogate decision-maker whom they themselves select and to test the assumption that people want their chosen surrogate to make only a substit...

Vasectomy in laboratory animals is a crucial step in the production of surrogate female mice. The surrogate mothers play a key role in successful embryo transfer, most important steps for the production of transgenic animal models, investigation of the preimplantation embryo development, and revitalization of cryopreserved strains. Abdominal and scrotal surgeries are common surgical proce...

Energy harvesting is a conventional method to collect the dissipated energy of a system. In this paper, we investigate the optimal location of a piezoelectric element to harvest maximum power concerning different excitation frequencies of a vibrating cantilever beam. The cantilever beam oscillates by a concentrated sinusoidal tip force, and a piezoelectric patch is integrated on the beam to gen...

BACKGROUND The role played by emergency contacts can be extensive particularly for chronically seriously ill patients. If the patient's condition suddenly deteriorates, the emergency contact may be asked to make decisions that should instead fall to a designated surrogate decision-maker. AIMS To describe a process used to help chronically seriously ill patients identify a surrogate during stu...

We present a surrogate for use in nonlinear time series analysis. This surrogate algorithm has significant advantages over the most commonly used surrogates, in that it provides a more robust statistical test by producing an entire population of surrogates that are consistent with the null hypothesis. We will show that for the currently used surrogate algorithms, although individual surrogate f...