Examination is one of the most important methods to evaluate the educational quality, but it is very necessary to control well the errors related to an examination to obtain results with high reliability and validity. Moreover, attentions must be paid to the subjective test items’ scoring which leads to errors more often. So, in mass educational examinations’ scoring, online scoring system is u...

Viruses are the most abundant microorganisms in marine and freshwater environments and perhaps the most genetically diverse (Fuhrman and Suttle, 1993). Counting viruses in aquatic samples is now a routine matter, but assessing the diversity and dynamics within complex assemblages is still a challenge. DNA-based fingerprinting approaches, which rely on amplification of rRNA gene fragments by PCR...