this article reviews the ancient symbolic world, shia and modernity believes in iranian’s mind which are historical link between ancient symbolic world and shie. since the late nineteenth century with the modernization, for exampel civilization, constitutional movement and palavi government, gap created in iranians mind. dispite this gap, iranians mind have symbolic characteristics and are not ...

Building on earlier work extending Sigma’s mixed (symbols + probabilities) graphical band to inference in feedforward neural networks, two forms of neural network learning – target propagation and backpropagation – are introduced, bringing Sigma closer to a full neural-symbolic architecture. Adapting Sigma’s reinforcement learning (RL) capability to use neural networks in policy learning then y...

This paper presents an integrated modeling framework where the learning and knowledge retrieval mechanisms of the ACT-R cognitive architecture are combined with a semantic resource. We aim to extend ACT-R with a scalable knowledge model, in order to support sub-symbolic processes with consistent, general high-level declarative representations. Design principles, methodology and implementation e...

In this note we present a symbolic-numeric method to the problem of tube modeling in CAD systems. Our approach is based on the Kirchhoff kinetic analogy which allows us to find analytic solutions to the static Kirchhoff equations for rods under given boundary conditions.

Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) is a soft computing technique that has been used to model and simulate various and completely different applications from different areas. The FCM modeling approach is symbolic, presenting abstract knowledge and is based on human expert experience and knowledge. This study examines and compares the FCM models as they have been used for various applications.

Software verification and validation activities are essential for software quality but also constitute a large part of software development costs. Therefore efficient and costeffective software verification and validation activities are both a priority and a necessity considering the pressure to decrease time-to-market and intense competition faced by many, if not all, companies today. It is th...

Use case diagrams play an important role in modeling with UML. Careful modeling is crucial in obtaining a correct and efficient system architecture. The paper refers to the formal analysis of the use case diagrams. A formal model of use cases is proposed and its construction for typical relationships between use cases is described. Two methods of formal analysis and verification are presented. ...

Clustering is the division of data into groups of similar objects. It disregards some details in exchange for data simplification. Informally, clustering can be viewed as data modeling concisely summarizing the data, and, therefore, it relates to many disciplines from statistics to numerical analysis. Clustering plays an important role in a broad range of applications, from information retrieva...

The generic science skills are the basic abilities that must be possessed by every student who studies science. This ability consists of various indicators namely direct observation, indirect symbolic language, logical inference, causal relations, mathematical modeling, and construct concepts. study only focused on relationships, modeling. research is a correlation aims to find out relationship...