The autoimmune regulator (Aire) protein is a transcriptional activator that is essential in central immune tolerance, as it regulates the ectopic expression of many tissue‑restricted antigens in medullary thymic epithelial cells. Aire expression has also been described in hematopoietic cells, such as monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), in the peripheral immune system. However, the ...

Immunomodulatory imbalance is the characteristic feature of autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA). T helper (Th) 17 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of RA. The balance of Th1 and Th17 is important for normal immune response. In RA therapy, methotrexate (MTX) has an important use depending on its anti-inflammatory effects, however, is limited due to its side effects. Curcum...

OBJECTIVES Inducible costimulator (ICOS) and its ligand (ICOSL) regulate T and B cell responses. Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (G6PI)-induced arthritis requires T and B lymphocytes. It was hypothesised that blocking ICOS/ICOSL interactions ameliorates G6PI-induced arthritis and reduces G6PI-specific B and T lymphocyte responses. METHODS DBA/1 mice were injected with a blocking, non-depleting ...